A client has a new prescription for Furosemide. Which of the following adverse effects should the nurse monitor?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Hyponatremia. Furosemide is a loop diuretic commonly prescribed to help with fluid retention by increasing urine output. One of the main mechanisms of action of loop diuretics like Furosemide is to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle. This leads to increased sodium excretion in the urine, which can result in hyponatremia, a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood. Option A) Hyperkalemia is incorrect because loop diuretics like Furosemide can actually lead to hypokalemia (low potassium levels) due to increased potassium excretion in the urine. Option C) Hypernatremia is incorrect because Furosemide's mechanism of action leads to the loss of sodium, making hypernatremia (high sodium levels) unlikely. Option D) Hypercalcemia is incorrect because Furosemide does not directly affect calcium levels in the body, so hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) is not a common adverse effect associated with its use. In an educational context, it is important for nurses to understand the pharmacological actions and potential side effects of medications like Furosemide to provide safe and effective patient care. Monitoring for adverse effects such as hyponatremia is crucial to prevent complications and ensure the client's well-being while on this medication. Nurses should be vigilant in assessing electrolyte levels and educating clients on signs and symptoms to watch for while taking Furosemide.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding potential adverse effects of medications is crucial for safe patient care. In the case of Spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic, the correct adverse effect to monitor is hyperkalemia (option A). Spironolactone works by blocking the aldosterone receptor, leading to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. This mechanism can result in elevated potassium levels, which can be dangerous and lead to cardiac arrhythmias. Hypoglycemia (option B) is not a common adverse effect of Spironolactone. Hypocalcemia (option C) and hyponatremia (option D) are also not typically associated with Spironolactone use. Educationally, understanding the pharmacological actions of medications helps nurses assess for potential adverse effects, intervene promptly, and provide patient education. Monitoring for hyperkalemia in clients taking Spironolactone is essential to prevent complications and ensure patient safety. Nurses should be vigilant in assessing electrolyte levels and educating clients on signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Dry cough. Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure. One of the most common adverse effects associated with ACE inhibitors like Enalapril is a persistent dry cough. This occurs due to the accumulation of bradykinin, a substance affected by ACE inhibitors, in the lungs leading to irritation and coughing. Weight gain (option B) is not typically associated with Enalapril use. ACE inhibitors can even lead to weight loss due to their effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Diarrhea (option C) and nausea (option D) are less common side effects of Enalapril and not typically the primary adverse effects to monitor for in a patient taking this medication. Educationally, understanding the common adverse effects of specific drug classes like ACE inhibitors is crucial for healthcare providers to effectively educate patients on what to expect and monitor for during treatment. This knowledge ensures patient safety and adherence to the prescribed regimen, ultimately improving health outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, it is crucial to provide accurate discharge teaching to ensure patient safety and medication effectiveness. In the case of Alendronate, the correct instruction is to remain upright for 30 minutes after taking the medication. This is because Alendronate is a bisphosphonate used to treat osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption. Remaining upright helps prevent esophageal irritation and reduces the risk of esophageal ulcers, a common side effect of this medication. Option A, taking the medication at bedtime, is incorrect because Alendronate should be taken in the morning on an empty stomach with a full glass of water to enhance absorption. Option C, taking the medication with food, is also incorrect as it can decrease the absorption of Alendronate. Option D, increasing intake of calcium-rich foods, is not relevant to the administration of Alendronate but is important for overall bone health. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind specific medication instructions is essential for nursing practice. It ensures that nurses can provide accurate information to patients, promote medication compliance, and prevent potential complications. By grasping the pharmacokinetics and administration principles of medications like Alendronate, nurses can contribute to improving patient outcomes and safety.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with Warfarin due to its antiplatelet effects. The combination of Warfarin, an anticoagulant, and NSAIDs can potentiate the risk of bleeding complications. Clients on Warfarin should avoid NSAIDs and opt for alternative pain relief options to minimize the risk of adverse effects.