A client experiences an air emboli, resulting in a stroke, during an IV start. This can be classified as which type of risk?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diagnostic procedure. Air emboli during an IV start can lead to a stroke, making it a risk associated with a diagnostic procedure. The air emboli occurred during the IV start, which is a diagnostic procedure aimed at obtaining information about the patient's health status. Patient dissatisfaction (A) is not the main concern here, as the focus is on the medical outcome. While a medical-legal incident (B) may result from this situation, the primary classification is related to the diagnostic nature of the procedure. This incident is not primarily a medication error (C) as the main issue is the introduction of air into the bloodstream during the IV start, rather than a mistake in medication administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary advantage of utilizing a modular nursing model is enhanced teamwork. This is because modular nursing promotes collaboration among healthcare professionals, leading to better coordination of care and improved patient outcomes. It allows for flexibility and efficiency in assigning roles and responsibilities based on individual strengths and expertise. Improved teamwork fosters effective communication, enhances job satisfaction, and ultimately benefits patient care. Patient satisfaction, cost reduction, and communication are important aspects but not the primary advantage of a modular nursing model.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The primary role of a nurse in a PCMH is to coordinate patient care. This involves ensuring all aspects of a patient's care are well-managed, communicating with various healthcare providers, and advocating for the patient's needs. This role aligns with the core principles of a PCMH, which emphasize comprehensive, coordinated, and patient-centered care. Administering treatments (B) is typically the role of physicians or other healthcare providers. Providing health education (C) is important but not the primary role of a nurse in a PCMH. Conducting research (D) is not a direct responsibility of nurses in a clinical setting like a PCMH.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Continuous improvement. Total Quality Management (TQM) focuses on constantly improving processes, products, and services to meet or exceed customer expectations. TQM involves all employees in identifying and solving problems, emphasizing continuous learning and innovation. A: Top-down management is incorrect because TQM encourages involvement and empowerment of employees at all levels, not just top management. B: Employee-centered approach is incorrect because while TQM values employees and their contributions, it is primarily focused on improving overall quality and processes, not solely centered on employees. D: Quality control is incorrect because TQM goes beyond traditional quality control methods to encompass a holistic approach to quality management through continuous improvement efforts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it presents a situation where a nurse must navigate conflicting values, such as respecting patient autonomy while upholding professional ethical standards. By complying with the patient's request, the nurse may compromise ethical principles. A: Choosing between two equally undesirable alternatives is a moral dilemma, not necessarily an ethical dilemma. B: Reporting a colleague's unethical behavior is an ethical obligation, not a dilemma. C: Balancing patient confidentiality with the need to disclose information is an ethical consideration, but it does not inherently present a dilemma as it can be managed through established guidelines.