A client arrived at the emergency department with a possible diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. The nurse anticipates which serum electrolytes finding would be abnormal?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hyperparathyroidism involves excess parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising serum calcium by mobilizing it from bones and increasing kidney reabsorption, while lowering phosphorus both are abnormal. Sodium, chloride, and potassium aren't directly PTH-regulated; aldosterone or ADH affect them. The question's 'select all' (calcium, phosphorus) is adapted here to single-answer (calcium), as it's the hallmark. Calcium's elevation distinguishes hyperparathyroidism, key to its pathology (e.g., kidney stones), unlike unaffected electrolytes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypothalamic releasing (e.g., TRH) and inhibiting (e.g., dopamine) hormones target the anterior pituitary, stimulating (e.g., TSH) or suppressing (e.g., prolactin) its hormone release to regulate endocrine glands. Liver/adipose respond to hormones (e.g., insulin), not hypothalamic signals directly. Gonads are pituitary targets (e.g., FSH), not hypothalamus'. Bone marrow isn't endocrine-regulated. Anterior pituitary's role as intermediary distinguishes it, key to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, unlike downstream or unrelated tissues.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates spermatogenesis in testes and follicle growth in ovaries monthly. Growth hormone (GH) drives body growth, not gametes. Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers testosterone and ovulation, not sperm/follicle initiation. Prolactin aids lactation. FSH's reproductive specificity distinguishes it, essential for fertility, unlike growth or ovulation hormones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin and ADH, stored in the posterior pituitary true. Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation and progesterone/estrogen production true. FSH/LH hyposecretion causes sterility true. ADH, however, reduces urine volume by increasing water reabsorption, raising blood volume, not decreasing it making B false. This error distinguishes ADH's role in osmoregulation, critical for fluid balance, contrasting with diuretic effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Tropic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH) from the anterior pituitary stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones, regulating their activity. Pineal (melatonin) and thymus (thymosin) aren't primary targets, and nervous tissue isn't hormonally stimulated. This gland-targeting role distinguishes tropic hormones, vital for endocrine coordination, contrasting with direct tissue effects.