A client admitted with smoke inhalation injuries develops signs and symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The nurse anticipates the healthcare provider will prescribe which course of action with regard to oxygenation?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of a client developing signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to smoke inhalation injuries, the correct course of action is mechanical ventilation (Option B). ARDS is characterized by severe lung injury leading to significant oxygenation problems. Mechanical ventilation is essential in this situation to provide adequate oxygenation and support the compromised respiratory function. Option A, oxygen via a nasal cannula, is not sufficient to address the severity of the oxygenation issue in ARDS. Similarly, option C, oxygen via a face mask, may not provide the required oxygenation support for a client with ARDS. Option D, oxygen via a Venturi mask, also may not deliver the precise oxygen concentration needed in such a critical condition. From an educational perspective, understanding the pathophysiology of ARDS and the rationale behind the treatment options is crucial for nursing practice. Nurses need to recognize the severity of ARDS and the appropriate interventions, such as mechanical ventilation, to ensure optimal patient outcomes. This question highlights the importance of critical thinking and clinical decision-making skills in managing respiratory emergencies effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of caring for an infant with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the nurse anticipates administering nebulized hypertonic saline (option D) as the correct medication. This is because hypertonic saline helps to thin mucus and improve clearance in the airways, which is particularly beneficial in RSV cases where there is excessive mucus production and airway inflammation. Option A, nebulized albuterol, is commonly used in conditions like asthma to help bronchodilation, which is not the primary concern in RSV where mucus clearance is more crucial. Option B, nebulized epinephrine, is not typically used in RSV management as it is more commonly utilized in croup to reduce upper airway edema. Option C, antibiotics, are not indicated in RSV since it is a viral infection, and antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. Educationally, it's important for nurses to understand the rationale behind each medication to provide safe and effective care. Understanding the pathophysiology of RSV and how different medications work can help nurses make appropriate clinical decisions in managing respiratory conditions in pediatric patients. By knowing the appropriate interventions, nurses can optimize patient outcomes and provide evidence-based care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of oxygenation and respiratory physiology, understanding the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is crucial. The correct answer is A) 21 per cent. This is accurate as scientific data confirms that the Earth's atmosphere consists of approximately 21% oxygen. Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration in living organisms, making this knowledge significant for healthcare professionals, especially those in nursing. Option B) 13 per cent is incorrect because this level of oxygen in the atmosphere would not be sufficient to support aerobic respiration in most living organisms. Option C) 75 per cent is incorrect as well, as such a high concentration of oxygen would lead to an increased risk of oxygen toxicity, which can be harmful to the body. Option D) None of the above is also incorrect since the correct percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is indeed 21%. Understanding the composition of the atmosphere is fundamental in the context of oxygenation, as it directly impacts the availability of oxygen for human and animal survival. This knowledge is particularly crucial in healthcare settings where professionals must have a solid understanding of oxygenation principles to provide effective patient care and support individuals with respiratory conditions. By grasping this basic concept, nurses and other healthcare providers can better comprehend the importance of oxygen therapy, respiratory interventions, and overall respiratory health management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the oxygen cycle, respiration plays a crucial role by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide is essential for plants to undergo photosynthesis, a process through which they produce oxygen. Therefore, option A is correct because respiration indirectly contributes to the production of oxygen through the exchange of gases between plants and animals. Option B, stating that respiration produces oxygen, is incorrect because respiration in humans and animals actually involves the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide. Oxygen is obtained from the environment and utilized by cells in the process of cellular respiration to produce energy, not oxygen itself. Option C, suggesting that respiration depletes carbon dioxide, is also incorrect. Respiration is a process that generates carbon dioxide as a byproduct, which is then released into the atmosphere. It does not deplete carbon dioxide but rather adds to its presence in the environment. Providing this educational context is essential for understanding the interconnectedness of the oxygen cycle and the roles of respiration and photosynthesis in maintaining a balance of gases in the atmosphere. By grasping these concepts, students can appreciate the significance of plant-animal interactions in sustaining life on Earth.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) 2:1. The lecithin-to-sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio of 2:1 in amniotic fluid is a key indicator of mature fetal lungs and adequate surfactant production. Surfactant is crucial for the maintenance of alveolar stability and prevention of collapsed air sacs, essential for proper oxygenation after birth. Therefore, a 2:1 L:S ratio signifies lung maturity and readiness for extrauterine life, making the newborn viable. Option A) 1:2 and Option D) 1:3 both have the ratios reversed, which would indicate immature lungs and insufficient surfactant production, making the newborn non-viable. Option C) 3:1 would suggest excessive surfactant, which could lead to potential respiratory complications and is not a standard indicator for viability. Educationally, understanding the L:S ratio and its significance in assessing lung maturity is vital for healthcare providers caring for newborns. This knowledge helps in identifying infants at risk for respiratory distress syndrome and guides appropriate interventions to support optimal oxygenation. The ability to interpret these ratios accurately can make a difference in the immediate care and outcomes of newborns transitioning to extrauterine life.