A classic example of type III (immune complex) reactions is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding different types of hypersensitivity reactions is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. The correct answer to this question is A) serum sickness, which is a classic example of a type III (immune complex) reaction. In type III reactions, antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Option B) TB skin test reactions are examples of type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reactions, not type III reactions. These reactions involve T cell-mediated responses rather than antibody-antigen complexes. Option C) contact dermatitis (neomycin) is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction as well, typically mediated by T cells and not immune complexes. Option D) graft versus-host disease is a complication of organ or tissue transplantation involving T cell-mediated immune responses against the host's tissues, making it a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Educationally, understanding the differences between hypersensitivity reactions is essential for nurses to accurately assess, intervene, and educate patients and families. Recognizing the specific characteristics of each type of reaction helps in providing appropriate care and avoiding potential complications in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the significance of signs and symptoms that may indicate underlying conditions. In this case, the correct answer is D) primary ciliary dyskinesia. Nasal polyps in children under 10 years old can suggest primary ciliary dyskinesia, a genetic disorder affecting cilia movement in the respiratory tract. This condition can lead to recurrent respiratory infections and chronic sinusitis. Option A) celiac disease is incorrect because it is an autoimmune disorder related to gluten intolerance, not typically associated with nasal polyps. Option B) ulcerative colitis is a form of inflammatory bowel disease, not related to nasal polyps. Option C) unilateral choanal atresia is a congenital condition where one nasal passage is blocked, but it does not cause nasal polyps. Educationally, understanding these associations is essential for pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive care. Recognizing these connections can lead to timely referrals and interventions, improving patient outcomes and quality of care. Nurses must be able to critically think through presenting symptoms to provide the best care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) 50%. Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin condition in children characterized by pruritic, eczematous lesions. Staphylococcus aureus colonization is frequently seen in these patients, especially on lesional skin. This colonization can exacerbate the inflammation and lead to secondary infections. The statement that more than 90% of patients with atopic dermatitis have colonization of lesional skin with Staphylococcus aureus implies a high prevalence. Therefore, it follows that uninvolved skin would also have a high rate of colonization, and the option closest to this would be 50%. Option A) 5% is too low considering the high prevalence mentioned in the question stem. Option B) 15% is also too low to reflect the significant colonization rates associated with atopic dermatitis. Option C) 25% is closer but still underestimates the extent of colonization seen in these patients. Understanding the high colonization rates in atopic dermatitis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Proper management of skin care, infection control measures, and appropriate antimicrobial treatments are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for these patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing practice, understanding drug reactions to penicillins and cephalosporins is crucial due to their common usage in treating infections. The correct answer, option B, "increasing age (>20 years)," is the exception among the risk factors for drug reactions in pediatrics. This is because pediatric patients are typically younger than 20 years old, so age over 20 is not a relevant risk factor in this context. Option A, "previous drug exposure," is a common risk factor as sensitization can occur with repeated exposure. Option C, "higher dose," is also a risk factor as higher doses can increase the likelihood of adverse reactions. Option D, "intermittent repeated exposure," is another relevant risk factor as repeated exposure, even if intermittent, can still lead to sensitization and potential reactions. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding specific risk factors for drug reactions in pediatric patients when administering penicillins and cephalosporins. It emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to be vigilant in monitoring and assessing for potential adverse reactions, especially considering the differences in pediatric patients compared to adults. By knowing these risk factors, healthcare professionals can better anticipate and prevent potential drug reactions, ensuring safe and effective care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the most likely diagnosis for the 7-year-old boy exhibiting separation anxiety, temper issues, and withdrawal after his parents' divorce is option D) Separation anxiety disorder. Separation anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures, leading to distress or avoidance behaviors. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), option A, is characterized by symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, rather than the specific anxiety and distress related to separation. Conduct disorder, option B, involves a pattern of violating the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors seen in the boy are more aligned with anxiety and distress rather than conduct issues. Major depressive disorder, option C, presents with a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities, which may be present in some cases after a significant life event like parental divorce but would not fully capture the anxiety and withdrawal behaviors seen in the boy. Educationally, understanding the differentiation between these disorders is crucial for pediatric nurses to accurately assess and provide appropriate care for children facing emotional challenges. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of separation anxiety disorder can lead to early intervention and support for the child during a difficult time, promoting their overall well-being and mental health.