A chronic renal dialysis patient is brought to the ED in cardiac arrest. The MOST likely cause is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hyperkalemia is the most likely cause in dialysis arrest missed sessions spike potassium (e.g., >6.5 mmol/L), triggering arrhythmias. Pericardial effusion (uremic) is slower less acute. Hypocalcemia and hypertension occur less fatal acutely. Potassium's lethality distinguishes it, key to dialysis emergencies, unlike effusion or chronic issues.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renal threshold is ~180 mg/dL (mg%), where glucose spills into urine not mg/min (rate), saturation alone, or 370 mg%. This defines glycosuria onset, critical for glucose homeostasis, contrasting with rate or saturation definitions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) affects infants, presents as a mass, is bilateral in ~7%, and often metastasizes to lungs not rarely. This corrects tumor behavior, vital for oncology, contrasting with metastasis rarity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In acidosis, kidneys form ammonia, excrete keto-acids, and reabsorb bicarbonate not excrete it (conserved). This defines renal compensation, critical for pH balance, contrasting with bicarbonate loss.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Incomplete ureteric bud-metanephric fusion causes double ureter not polycystic, pelvic, lobulation, or horseshoe (fusion anomalies). This defines congenital defect, critical for urology, contrasting with other malformations.