A child in the third grade has problems with spelling and reading. She appears very quiet and confused in class. Her teacher has noticed that this girl has trouble following directions. Her mind seems to wander whenever the teacher tells a story or explains something complicated. She is skilled in art and so far has performed well in arithmetic. Which of the following diagnostic procedures is most likely to yield useful findings in this child?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate diagnostic procedure for the child described is a language evaluation (Option C). This is because the child is having difficulty with spelling, reading, following directions, and appears confused in class, indicating potential language-related challenges. A language evaluation can assess the child's receptive and expressive language skills, including vocabulary, grammar, comprehension, and communication abilities. Identifying any language difficulties early on can help tailor interventions and support for the child's specific needs. Option A, an attention deficit questionnaire, may seem relevant given the child's difficulties in focusing and following directions. However, the primary concern in this case is the child's language skills, making a language evaluation more appropriate. Option B, an intelligence test, may not directly address the child's specific challenges with language and reading. While it can provide information about overall cognitive abilities, it may not pinpoint the root cause of the child's difficulties. Option D, a psychiatric assessment for depression, is not warranted based on the information provided. The child's symptoms are more indicative of potential language-based learning issues rather than depression. In an educational context, understanding the importance of appropriate diagnostic procedures is crucial for identifying and addressing students' learning needs effectively. By selecting the most relevant assessment tools, educators and healthcare professionals can create tailored interventions and support plans to help children succeed academically and socially.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the characteristics of major depression in children is crucial for early detection and intervention. The correct answer, option D, stating "no risk of depression in adulthood," is accurate because major depression in children can indeed persist into adulthood if left untreated. This highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing depression in children to prevent long-term mental health issues. Option A, "a strong genetic component," is a common misconception as while genetics can play a role in predisposing individuals to depression, it is not a definitive factor and there are many other contributing factors such as environment and life experiences. Option B, "never beginning before adolescence," is incorrect as major depression can indeed manifest in children, even at a young age. Early onset depression in childhood is a serious issue that requires attention and appropriate management. Option C, "absence of hallucinations," is also incorrect because some children with major depression can experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, though it is not a defining characteristic of depression in children. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to identify the signs and symptoms of major depression in children, as well as understand the potential long-term implications if left untreated. Early recognition and intervention can significantly improve outcomes for children with depression, emphasizing the critical role of healthcare providers in the mental well-being of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the case of acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts, particularly from a button battery, the correct manifestation that can occur within a few hours is corrosive gastroenteritis (Option D). This is because the battery casing can break down in the stomach, releasing the toxic contents leading to severe damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Option A (tremor) and Option B (neuropsychiatric disturbances) are incorrect as immediate symptoms of mercury salt ingestion. These symptoms are more commonly associated with chronic mercury exposure rather than acute ingestion. Option C (gingivostomatitis) is also incorrect as a manifestation of acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts. Gingivostomatitis refers to inflammation of the gums and oral mucosa, which is not typically a direct effect of mercury salt ingestion. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of acute mercury salt ingestion is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide prompt and appropriate care. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of corrosive gastroenteritis can help healthcare providers intervene swiftly and effectively to mitigate the damage caused by the ingestion of toxic substances like mercury salts, especially in pediatric patients who may accidentally ingest such hazardous materials.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Pasteurella species. In the context of cat bites, Pasteurella species are the most common microorganisms associated with infections. This is due to Pasteurella organisms being present in the mouths of cats, making them likely to be transmitted during a bite. Option A) Staphylococcus species and Option B) Streptococcus species are less commonly associated with cat bites compared to Pasteurella. While these organisms can cause infections, they are not as prevalent in cat bite injuries. Option C) Eikenella species is also sometimes seen in human bite wounds but is not typically associated with cat bites. In the case of cat bites, Pasteurella species are the primary concern due to their presence in the oral cavity of cats. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the common microorganisms associated with animal bites is crucial for providing appropriate treatment. Recognizing that Pasteurella species are the most common pathogens in cat bites allows healthcare providers to make informed decisions regarding antibiotic therapy and wound management to prevent complications such as infection and abscess formation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding factors that influence the development of atopy is crucial. The correct answer is D) dogs. Exposure to dogs early in childhood has been linked to a decreased risk of developing atopy, such as allergies and asthma. This is due to the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that early exposure to certain microbes and allergens can help train the immune system to respond appropriately and reduce the risk of allergic diseases. Option A) smoking is incorrect because exposure to tobacco smoke actually increases the risk of atopy and respiratory conditions in children. Option B) alcohol is unrelated to the development of atopy in childhood. Option C) rodents can actually increase the risk of developing allergies and asthma due to allergens they carry. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of early environmental exposures in pediatric health outcomes. Nurses need to understand how factors like pet ownership can impact a child's immune system development and risk of atopic conditions. By knowing the implications of different exposures, nurses can provide valuable guidance to families in promoting a healthy environment for their children.