A characteristic sign of hypercalcaemia is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children with cardiovascular disorders. In this context, the characteristic sign of hypercalcemia being Trousseau's sign makes option A the correct answer. Trousseau's sign is a clinical indicator of hypocalcemia, not hypercalcemia. It is elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm, resulting in carpal spasm due to reduced calcium levels in the blood. Therefore, option A is incorrect for hypercalcemia. Chvostek's sign, option B, is associated with hypocalcemia, not hypercalcemia. It is demonstrated by tapping on the facial nerve, resulting in facial muscle twitching due to low calcium levels. Homan's sign, option C, is related to deep vein thrombosis and is not a sign of hypercalcemia. Kussmaul's sign, option D, is seen in metabolic acidosis, particularly in conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis. It involves deep, rapid, and labored breathing patterns to compensate for acidosis and is not indicative of hypercalcemia. Educationally, understanding these signs and their respective conditions is vital for accurate assessment, diagnosis, and intervention in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. By differentiating between these signs, nurses can provide timely and appropriate care to ensure optimal outcomes for their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Klinefelter's syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that occurs in males, where they have an extra X chromosome (47,XXY). The correct answer is B) Is the result of meiotic non-dysjunction. Meiotic non-dysjunction refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting gametes. In the case of Klinefelter's syndrome, there is an extra X chromosome due to non-disjunction during either the formation of the sperm or the egg. Option A) Has a karyotype XXV is incorrect because individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome have a karyotype of 47,XXY, not XXV. Option C) Shows delay in bone age/maturation is incorrect as delayed bone age/maturation is not a defining characteristic of Klinefelter's syndrome. Option D) Is a recognised cause of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is incorrect. Klinefelter's syndrome is associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to testicular failure and elevated levels of gonadotropins. Educationally, understanding Klinefelter's syndrome is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics and endocrinology. Recognizing the genetic basis of the condition and its clinical manifestations can aid in early diagnosis and appropriate management, including hormone replacement therapy and fertility options. It also highlights the importance of genetic counseling for affected individuals and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the impact of acute graft-versus-host reaction on organ systems is crucial. The correct answer is A) Skin. In acute graft-versus-host reaction, the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues, particularly affecting organs with high cellular turnover like the skin. Option B) Renal system is incorrect because acute graft-versus-host reaction typically does not primarily target the kidneys. Option C) Gut is incorrect as well, although gastrointestinal symptoms can occur, the skin is more prominently affected. Option D) CNS is also incorrect as the central nervous system is not a chief organ system affected in this type of reaction. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the manifestations of acute graft-versus-host reaction in pediatric patients, particularly the dermatologic symptoms. Understanding the specific organ systems involved can guide nursing interventions and help provide holistic care to these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the effects of bulimia nervosa on a patient's health is crucial. The correct answer, option B, "Patients may get hypokalemia," is the most relevant in this scenario. Bulimia nervosa, characterized by binge-eating followed by purging behaviors, can lead to electrolyte imbalances, including hypokalemia, due to repeated vomiting or laxative abuse. This can have serious cardiovascular implications such as arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, making it essential for nurses to monitor and address this complication in pediatric patients with bulimia nervosa. Option A, "Review of teeth may aid diagnosis," is incorrect as dental issues like erosion of tooth enamel are more commonly associated with bulimia nervosa, rather than aiding in diagnosis. Option C, "Patients are likely to neglect their appearance," while a common stereotype, is not a typical characteristic of bulimia nervosa and can lead to misconceptions and stigmatization. Option D, "There is an association with calluses on the dorsum of hands," is more indicative of a behavior like self-induced vomiting in disorders like bulimia nervosa, but it is not as directly linked to the cardiovascular complications that hypokalemia can cause. In an educational context, it is important for pediatric nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of eating disorders like bulimia nervosa, their potential complications, and appropriate interventions to provide holistic care to their patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia in patients with bulimia nervosa is essential for early detection and effective management to prevent serious cardiovascular consequences.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding child development is crucial for providing appropriate care. In this question, the correct answer is D) Demonstrate symbolic play. At 36 months, a child is typically in the preschool age range where symbolic play emerges. Symbolic play involves using objects, actions, or ideas to represent other objects, actions, or ideas. This developmental milestone is important as it reflects cognitive growth and imagination. Option A) Building a tower of 5 cubes is more aligned with fine motor skills and spatial awareness, not necessarily a cognitive developmental milestone at 36 months. Option B) Repeating back 5 digits involves working memory and language skills, which are important but not typically expected at this developmental stage. Option C) Drawing a man with a head and body involves fine motor skills and basic artistic abilities, but it is not as indicative of cognitive development as symbolic play. Educationally, understanding developmental milestones in children is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. Recognizing age-appropriate behaviors helps in assessing a child's growth and development, identifying any potential concerns early, and planning interventions or support as needed. This knowledge enhances the quality of care provided to pediatric patients and promotes optimal outcomes.