A blood pH above 7.4 is called

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: pH above 7.4 is alkalosis base excess (e.g., HCO₃⁻ rise). Acidosis is below 7.35 acidic. Diuresis is urine output not pH. Natriuresis is Na excretion unrelated. Alkalosis's high pH distinguishes it, critical for acid-base status, unlike low pH or unrelated terms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Distal tubules are impermeable to renin it's a hormone, not reabsorbed (e.g., acts systemically). Aldosterone affects Na cells respond. ADH adjusts water collecting duct permeable. Macula densa is a structure not a substance. Renin's impermeability distinguishes it, key to its systemic role, unlike hormones affecting tubules.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In alkalosis, kidneys excrete HCO₃⁻ less CO₂ binding allows loss (e.g., distal tubule adjustment). More Na reabsorption doesn't fix base excess unrelated. Angiotensin/ADH affects water not pH directly. K absorption is minor irrelevant. HCO₃⁻ excretion distinguishes it, critical for pH correction, unlike Na or K shifts.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Kidney innervation (sympathetic) regulates arteriole diameter e.g., constricts afferent/efferent, adjusts GFR. Filtrate composition is glomerular not neural. Water reabsorption is hormonal (ADH) not innervation. Brush border is structural not regulated. Arteriolar control distinguishes it, key to blood flow, unlike filtrate or tubular functions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aldosterone is secreted by zona glomerulosa e.g., adrenal cortex, boosts Na reabsorption. Adjacent to macula densa is JGA not aldosterone. Tube is ureter unrelated. Hypothalamus synthesizes ADH not aldosterone. Adrenal origin distinguishes it, key to its role, unlike JGA or hypothalamic errors.