A 77-year-old female hospital patient has contracted Clostridium difficile during her stay and is experiencing severe diarrhea. Which of the following statements best conveys a risk that this woman faces?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: She is susceptible to isotonic fluid volume deficit. In Clostridium difficile infection, severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, causing isotonic fluid volume deficit. This condition can result in hypovolemia and other complications. Choice B is incorrect because isotonic fluid volume excess is not typically associated with Clostridium difficile infection. Choice C is incorrect because third-spacing edema due to plasma protein losses is not a common risk in this scenario. Choice D is incorrect because compensatory fluid volume overload secondary to gastrointestinal water and electrolyte losses is not a typical risk in Clostridium difficile infection.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer oral rehydration salts. This is the most immediate course of action because the runner is likely experiencing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to the hot and humid climate. Oral rehydration salts will help replenish lost fluids and electrolytes quickly. Providing plain water (choice B) may not be sufficient to address the electrolyte imbalance. Beginning intravenous fluid therapy (choice C) is not necessary at this stage unless the runner is in severe condition. Cooling the patient with ice packs and fans (choice D) may help with heat exhaustion but does not address the underlying issue of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer calcium gluconate IV. In severe hypermagnesemia, excess magnesium suppresses neuromuscular function, leading to diminished reflexes and respiratory depression. Calcium gluconate antagonizes the effects of hypermagnesemia and can quickly restore neuromuscular function, including respiratory drive. Prioritizing this intervention is crucial to prevent further respiratory compromise. Choice B (Initiate dialysis immediately) may be necessary for severe cases, but it is not the initial priority in managing acute symptoms. Choice C (Start an infusion of potassium chloride) is incorrect as it can worsen hypermagnesemia by further disrupting electrolyte balance. Choice D (Provide oral phosphate supplements) is not appropriate for immediate management of severe hypermagnesemia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A serious infection and fever increase metabolic rate due to the body's response to illness, requiring nutritional support.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Low-carb diets can lead to ketosis, where the body burns fat for fuel, producing ketones.