Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: administer the lowest dose of 2 mg. In older adults, especially the elderly, it is essential to start with the lowest effective dose of medication to minimize the risk of adverse effects. This approach follows the principle of "start low and go slow" when administering medications to older adults due to age-related changes in drug metabolism and increased sensitivity to medications. Administering the lowest effective dose helps to reduce the risk of potential complications such as respiratory depression, sedation, and falls. Choice A (administer the highest dose of 6 mg) is incorrect because starting with the highest dose can increase the risk of adverse effects in older adults. Choice C (avoid the narcotic because of the risk of addiction) is incorrect as it is important to manage pain effectively in post-operative patients, and opioids can be safely used under proper supervision. Choice D (administer the dose only when the client asks for the medication 2 times) is incorrect as pain management should be

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: administer the lowest dose of 2 mg. In older adults, especially the elderly, it is essential to start with the lowest effective dose of medication to minimize the risk of adverse effects. This approach follows the principle of "start low and go slow" when administering medications to older adults due to age-related changes in drug metabolism and increased sensitivity to medications. Administering the lowest effective dose helps to reduce the risk of potential complications such as respiratory depression, sedation, and falls. Choice A (administer the highest dose of 6 mg) is incorrect because starting with the highest dose can increase the risk of adverse effects in older adults. Choice C (avoid the narcotic because of the risk of addiction) is incorrect as it is important to manage pain effectively in post-operative patients, and opioids can be safely used under proper supervision. Choice D (administer the dose only when the client asks for the medication 2 times) is incorrect as pain management should be

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) combined with physical therapy. This intervention is effective in managing chronic pain in older adults because it addresses both the psychological and physical aspects of pain. CBT helps individuals change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to pain, leading to improved pain management. Physical therapy can help improve physical function and reduce pain through exercises and techniques. A: Increased use of narcotic medications may provide short-term relief but can lead to dependence and other negative side effects in older adults. C: Isolation can worsen mental health and exacerbate pain symptoms due to lack of social support and interaction. D: Surgery is not suitable for all types of chronic pain in older adults and should only be considered as a last resort after conservative interventions have been tried. In summary, B is the most effective intervention as it addresses both psychological and physical aspects of chronic pain in older adults, unlike the other options which may have limitations or negative consequences.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because maintaining good eye contact and a relaxed, smiling approach can help establish a sense of trust and connection with persons with dementia. This approach can help reduce feelings of confusion and anxiety in individuals with dementia, improving communication and fostering a positive interaction. A: Asking open-ended questions may overwhelm individuals with dementia and make it difficult for them to process information. B: Talking to persons with dementia as you would a child is inappropriate and disrespectful, as it disregards their dignity and autonomy. D: Reminding individuals with dementia not to forget something can be frustrating and may lead to feelings of failure or inadequacy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because allowing the client to choose activities promotes autonomy by giving him control over his daily routine and decision-making. This empowers the client to maintain a sense of independence and self-determination, which is crucial in long-term care settings. Planning meals (A) and scheduling appointments (B) are important tasks but do not directly contribute to the client's autonomy. Decorating his room (C) is a thoughtful gesture but does not actively involve the client in decision-making or daily choices.