A 75 -g black female experienced respiratory distress after a preterm delivery at 7 weeks' gestation Possible causes of the respiratory distress include (may choose more than one)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Pneumothorax. A preterm delivery at 7 weeks' gestation puts the infant at risk for respiratory distress due to underdeveloped lungs. Pneumothorax can occur when air leaks into the pleural space, leading to lung collapse and respiratory distress. This condition is common in preterm infants due to their fragile lung structure. Option B) Respiratory distress syndrome is a common condition in preterm infants, but in this case, the presentation suggests a sudden onset of respiratory distress, which is more indicative of pneumothorax. Option C) Patent ductus arteriosus is a cardiac condition that typically presents with a continuous murmur and is less likely to cause sudden respiratory distress. Option D) Group B streptococcal sepsis may present with respiratory symptoms, but it is less likely to cause acute respiratory distress in this case. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in preterm infants is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of pneumothorax, such as sudden onset respiratory distress and decreased breath sounds, enables prompt intervention and can prevent further complications in neonatal care. It is essential for nurses to be adept at assessing and managing respiratory issues in preterm infants to ensure positive patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rumination disorder is characterized by the repeated regurgitation and re-chewing of food, which leads to weight loss, malnutrition, and other health issues. The false statement in this question is option D: "It can resolve spontaneously." The correct answer is D because rumination disorder typically does not resolve spontaneously. It requires intervention and treatment by healthcare professionals, including pediatric nurses, to address the underlying causes and provide support to the child and their family. Option A, "It is only seen in infants," is incorrect because rumination disorder can occur in both infants and older children. It is not limited to a specific age group. Option B, "It runs a chronic course," is incorrect because rumination disorder can be successfully treated with early identification and intervention. It does not necessarily have to run a chronic course if addressed promptly. Option C, "It results from neglect," is incorrect because rumination disorder is a complex condition with various potential causes, including medical, psychological, and environmental factors. While neglect could be a contributing factor in some cases, it is not the sole cause of rumination disorder. In an educational context, it is important for pediatric nurses to understand the nuances of rumination disorder to provide comprehensive care to patients. By knowing the accurate information about the disorder, nurses can effectively assess, intervene, and support children and families affected by rumination disorder. Early recognition and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life for children with this condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Breath-holding spells are a common phenomenon in pediatric populations, especially in toddlers and preschool-aged children. The best explanation for breath-holding spells being a manifestation of iron deficiency anemia (Option A) is due to the fact that these spells are often associated with anemia, and correcting the anemia can lead to a reduction or resolution of the spells. Iron deficiency can lead to decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood, which can trigger these spells in susceptible children. Option B, stating that breath-holding spells are a type of seizure, is incorrect. While breath-holding spells can sometimes resemble seizures due to the temporary loss of consciousness, they are not caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain like seizures are. Option C, describing breath-holding spells as expressed by a brief tonic movement, is also incorrect. Breath-holding spells are characterized by a child holding their breath in response to a triggering event, not by tonic movements. Option D, claiming that breath-holding spells resolve by age 5, is not entirely accurate. While many children do outgrow these spells by age 5, some may continue to experience them beyond this age. It is not a definitive timeline for resolution. In an educational context, understanding the underlying causes of breath-holding spells, such as iron deficiency anemia, is crucial for pediatric nurses. By recognizing the connection between anemia and these spells, nurses can provide appropriate interventions such as iron supplementation and education for parents on how to manage and prevent these episodes. This knowledge enables nurses to offer comprehensive care to pediatric patients experiencing breath-holding spells.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Diffuse increase in brain size. In autistic spectrum disorders, one of the most consistent structural brain findings is an enlargement of the brain, particularly in early childhood. This increase in brain size is often seen in regions associated with language and social behaviors. Research suggests that this abnormal brain growth may contribute to the development of autistic symptoms. Option B) Focal atrophy is not a typical finding in autistic spectrum disorders. Atrophy implies a loss of brain tissue, which is not a characteristic feature of autism. Option C) White matter changes are not a consistent structural finding in autistic spectrum disorders. While some studies have reported alterations in white matter integrity, it is not the most prevalent or consistent finding. Option D) Gray matter degenerative changes are also not a common structural finding in autism. Degenerative changes suggest a progressive loss of gray matter volume, which is not a hallmark feature of autistic spectrum disorders. Educationally, understanding the structural brain findings in autistic spectrum disorders is crucial for healthcare professionals working with children with autism. This knowledge can help in early detection, intervention, and personalized treatment planning to support children with autism in reaching their full potential. It also highlights the importance of ongoing research to further understand the neurological basis of autism and develop targeted interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) fluoxetine tricyclic antidepressants. Fluoxetine belongs to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) group, not tricyclic antidepressants. This is the correct answer because it does not match the major pharmacological groups correctly. Option A) methylphenidate is a stimulant commonly used in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), so it is correctly matched. Option B) atomoxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used in ADHD treatment, making it correctly matched. Option C) escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, so it is also correctly matched. In an educational context, understanding the classifications of medications is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide safe and effective care to their patients. Knowing the major pharmacological groups helps in administering the right medication, monitoring for side effects, and assessing the patient's response. This knowledge is essential for ensuring positive health outcomes in pediatric patients.