A 70- year-old has been rushed to the hospital due to bradycardia and palpitation. The physician suggested that a pacemaker be inserted to correct the symptoms. The patient voluntarily decides not to have the pacemaker Inserted. This is respected by the family. This is an example of what ethical principles

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Autonomy is the ethical principle that respects an individual's right to make their own decisions about their medical treatment, even if it goes against medical advice or the preferences of others. In this case, the 70-year-old patient has voluntarily decided not to have the pacemaker inserted despite the physician's recommendation. The fact that the patient's decision is respected by the family reflects the importance of honoring the patient's autonomy and right to make decisions about their own healthcare.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The patient can tell all information to the nurse once the feeling of security is established in the nurse-patient relationship. Open communication and sharing of information are essential components of nursing care. Patients are more likely to disclose personal information, concerns, and feelings when they trust their nurse and feel secure in the relationship. Building trust and creating a safe and supportive environment are crucial for effective therapeutic communication and holistic patient care. It is important for the nurse to establish a trusting relationship with the patient to encourage open communication and provide patient-centered care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The presence of risk factors indicates an increased likelihood or susceptibility to developing a particular disease. While risk modification and healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk, having these risk factors still increases the overall chances of getting the disease compared to individuals without the same risk factors. It is essential for individuals with risk factors to be proactive in managing their health to mitigate the increased risk.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Long-term corticosteroid use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis can lead to osteoporosis, which is a common complication. Osteoporosis causes weakening of the bones, increasing the risk of fractures, particularly in weight-bearing bones such as the hip, spine, and wrist. Osteoporotic fractures are a significant concern in patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy, highlighting the importance of monitoring bone health and considering preventive measures such as calcium, Vitamin D supplementation, and regular bone density testing. While osteonecrosis of the femoral head and avascular necrosis of the talus can also occur as complications of corticosteroid use, osteoporotic fractures are more commonly associated with this type of therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Septic arthritis, on the other hand, is not directly related to corticosteroid use but can occur due to other factors such as joint infections.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pain is best described as a subjective unpleasant experience because it is unique to each individual and is influenced by a variety of factors including emotional, psychological, and cultural elements. Pain cannot be objectively measured or quantified, and therefore it is considered a subjective experience that is reported by the person experiencing it. This is why pain is often assessed using self-report scales and tools to capture the individual's perception of their pain intensity and quality.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: It is important to check the medication label against the medication order before administering any medication to ensure accuracy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The described clinical presentation of a yellowish-white spot on the cornea with a ring of inflammation, along with branching, filamentous opacities extending from the corneal lesion, is highly suggestive of fungal keratitis. Fungal keratitis is commonly caused by filamentous fungi such as Fusarium and Aspergillus species. The characteristic finding of branching, filamentous opacities seen on slit-lamp examination is classic for fungal infections of the cornea. It is important to promptly diagnose and treat fungal keratitis since delayed or inadequate management can result in vision-threatening complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sexual dysfunctions like impotence, erectile dysfunction, and lack of libido are common complications following prostatic surgery. Among the options provided, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is associated with a higher risk of these sexual dysfunctions. This is because during TURP, the surgical procedure may damage nerves and blood vessels that are crucial for sexual function, leading to impotence, erectile dysfunction, and decreased libido postoperatively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ORNAP stands for Operating Room Nurses Association of the Philippines. As Merle has been assigned in the Operating Room for 3 years and is interested in actively joining a professional organization related to this field, ORNAP would be the most appropriate choice. ORNAP focuses on promoting excellence in perioperative nursing practice through education, research, and collaboration. By joining ORNAP, Merle can further enhance her knowledge and skills in the Operating Room setting, as well as network with other professionals in the same field.