A 70-year-old female with hypertension is prescribed enalapril. Enalapril works by:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This leads to vasodilation, decreased aldosterone secretion, and reduced sodium and water retention, ultimately lowering blood pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because enalapril does not block beta-1 adrenergic receptors, relax vascular smooth muscle directly, or inhibit aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lorazepam. Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine that enhances the activity of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps reduce anxiety. This mechanism of action is effective in treating anxiety disorders. Citalopram and Fluoxetine are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used to treat depression, not anxiety. Propranolol is a beta-blocker primarily used to treat high blood pressure and heart-related conditions, not anxiety. Therefore, Lorazepam is the correct choice for enhancing GABA activity to treat anxiety.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Canagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor that works by blocking the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 in the kidneys, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion. This mechanism helps lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because canagliflozin does not directly impact insulin secretion from the pancreas, the breakdown of incretin hormones, or insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blocking calcium channels in the blood vessels. Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that inhibits the influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance. This ultimately results in reduced blood pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because amlodipine does not affect norepinephrine reuptake, stimulate beta-1 adrenergic receptors, nor increase sodium excretion in the kidneys. These mechanisms are associated with other classes of antihypertensive medications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Alendronate. Alendronate is a bisphosphonate that works by slowing down bone loss and increasing bone density in osteoporosis. It inhibits osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue. Raloxifene (A) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, not primarily used to increase bone density. Calcium carbonate (B) is a supplement to support bone health but not specifically for treating osteoporosis. Cholecalciferol (D) is a form of vitamin D used to support calcium absorption but does not directly increase bone density.