A 59-year-old patient has been diagnosed with prostatitis and is being seen at the clinic for complaints of burning and pain during urination. He is experiencing:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dysuria. Dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, which is a common symptom of prostatitis due to inflammation of the prostate gland. The patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination aligns with the definition of dysuria. B: This choice is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information related to the patient's symptoms. C: Nocturia is the increased need to urinate at night and is not directly related to the patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination. D: This choice is also incomplete and does not address the patient's specific symptoms of prostatitis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the presence of yellowish 1-cm nodules that are firm and nontender on the scrotal skin could indicate a serious issue such as testicular cancer or a benign condition like sebaceous cysts. Further evaluation is necessary to rule out malignancy or infection. A: Skin on the scrotum being taut is a normal finding. B: Left testicle hanging lower than the right is a common anatomical variation, not a cause for concern. C: The absence of information makes it impossible to determine if this finding requires follow-up.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B being correct: 1. Renal autoregulation maintains a constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR). 2. If the collecting tubule reabsorbs less water, it helps regulate the body's fluid balance. 3. Reabsorbing less water in the collecting tubule helps prevent excessive fluid loss or retention. 4. This process ensures that the body maintains appropriate blood volume and blood pressure. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A: Loop of Henle reabsorbs ions, not more sodium and chloride ions. C: Afferent arterioles constrict to decrease GFR, not dilate to increase it. D: Efferent arterioles constrict to maintain GFR, not dilate to allow faster blood flow.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because tubular reabsorption refers to the process of reabsorbing substances, including water, from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. This process occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle, not the distal convoluted tubule as stated in choice B. Choice A is incorrect because tubular reabsorption does not specifically eliminate wastes; that is the role of tubular secretion. Choice C is incorrect because tubular reabsorption does not directly control blood pH by removing H+ ions from the filtrate; that is primarily done through the kidneys' buffering systems. Overall, choice D is the most accurate as it reflects the primary function of tubular reabsorption in returning water back to the blood.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Answer A is correct because during menopause, there is uterine and ovarian atrophy due to decreased estrogen levels, leading to a thinning of the vaginal epithelium. This is a common physiological change associated with menopause. Summary of other choices: B: Incorrect - Increased vaginal secretions and clitoral size do not typically occur with menopause. C: Incorrect - Cervical hypertrophy and increased acidity of vaginal secretions are not common changes seen with menopause. D: Incorrect - Vaginal mucosa fragility and uterine hypertrophy are not typical changes associated with menopause.