A 58-year-old man is diagnosed with cancer of the larynx. Which of the ff. are early symptoms of this cancer?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Early symptoms of cancer of the larynx typically include persistent hoarseness or a change in the voice quality. This may be due to the tumor affecting the vocal cords. Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can also be an early sign. As the tumor grows, it may cause obstruction or compression in the throat, leading to difficulties in swallowing. These symptoms should prompt further evaluation by a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment planning. Anemia and fatigue (Choice A) are more general symptoms that can occur in cancer patients but are not typically specific to laryngeal cancer. The presence of a noticeable lump in the neck (Choice B) may indicate swelling of lymph nodes due to cancer spread but is not an early symptom commonly associated with laryngeal cancer. Crackles and stridor (Choice C) are respiratory sounds associated with conditions affecting the airways and are less likely to be early symptoms

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alkaline phosphatase level is elevated in clients who smoke due to various reasons unrelated to cancer. Smoking leads to increased alkaline phosphatase production in the liver, and elevated levels can be attributed to liver damage caused by smoking. However, a high alkaline phosphatase level alone cannot be used as a general indicator of cancer because it is not specific to cancer and can be influenced by several other factors. Therefore, it is not a reliable marker for the presence of cancer in individuals who smoke or in the general population.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects a person's ability to understand and/or produce language. In this case, Mr. Dela Isla's inability to comprehend what the nurse was saying suggests a possible impairment in his language comprehension abilities, pointing towards aphasia as the most likely condition. Symptoms of aphasia can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but the common feature is difficulty with language tasks such as speaking, understanding speech, reading, and writing. Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, agnosia is a sensory perception disorder, and apraxia involves difficulty with performing purposeful movements.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A healthy newborn's respirations are typically irregular, abdominal, with a rate of 30-60 per minute, and tend to be shallow. Newborns have immature respiratory centers in their brain, leading to irregular breathing patterns compared to adults. Their breathing is usually abdominal due to their diaphragmatic breathing pattern. The normal respiratory rate for a newborn can fluctuate between 30-60 breaths per minute, with shallow breathing being characteristic of their physiology. Regular shallow breathing with occasional periods of apnea is considered normal in newborns and should not be a cause for concern.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary nursing intervention to prevent bacterial endocarditis is to counsel parents of high-risk children about prophylactic antibiotics. This is recommended by the American Heart Association for children with certain heart conditions before dental procedures that could introduce bacteria into the bloodstream. By providing education on the importance of prophylactic antibiotics, nurses can help prevent bacterial endocarditis by reducing the risk of bacterial infection associated with dental procedures in susceptible children. It is important to involve the parents in the decision-making process and ensure they understand the rationale behind the use of prophylactic antibiotics to protect their child's heart health.