A 55 year old man with kidney stones has been placed on a diuretic to * decrease calcium excretion. However after a few weeks , he develops an attack of gout. Which diuretic is he taking?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hydrochlorothiazide. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that can lead to hyperuricemia, a risk factor for gout. Thiazide diuretics decrease the excretion of uric acid, leading to its accumulation and potential for gout attacks. Furosemide (A) is a loop diuretic that does not have a significant impact on uric acid levels. Spironolactone (B) and Triamterene (D) are potassium-sparing diuretics and do not directly affect uric acid levels. So, Hydrochlorothiazide is the most likely diuretic causing the gout attack in this case.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that can cause potassium depletion, which can be exacerbated when used with potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone. This combination can lead to hyperkalemia, necessitating close monitoring of potassium levels. B: Captopril is an ACE inhibitor, not a diuretic. C: Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker, not a diuretic. D: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that can also cause potassium depletion, but it does not specifically need close monitoring when used with potassium-sparing diuretics.

Correct Answer:

Rationale: Correct Answer: C: large numbers of glomeruli Rationale: 1. The process of voiding urine involves the filtration of blood in the kidneys. 2. Glomeruli are the kidney structures responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. 3. Having a large number of glomeruli increases the efficiency of urine production and filtration. 4. Therefore, the presence of large numbers of glomeruli enhances the process of voiding urine. Summary: A: Large surface area of capillaries - This does not directly relate to the process of voiding urine but rather to blood circulation. B: Menstruation - Menstruation is a reproductive process and not related to voiding urine. D: Implantation - Implantation refers to the attachment of a fertilized egg in the uterus and is not related to voiding urine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. It is the most common form of acute glomerulonephritis caused by a previous streptococcal infection. This type of glomerulonephritis typically occurs in children and young adults. The immune response to the streptococcal infection leads to the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli, causing inflammation and kidney damage. Choice B (IgA nephropathy) is a chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by the deposition of IgA immune complexes in the glomeruli. Choice C (Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis) is a severe form of glomerulonephritis characterized by rapid loss of kidney function. Choice D (Goodpasture's syndrome) is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the lungs and kidneys, characterized by the production of antibodies against the basement membrane of the glomeruli.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Scrotum. The scrotum is a pouch of skin and muscle that houses and protects the testes, which are the actual male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm. The scrotum also helps regulate the temperature of the testes to ensure optimal sperm production. A: Testis - While the testis is an external male genital structure, it is not the correct answer in this context as the question specifically asks for external structures. C: Epididymis - The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle where sperm mature and are stored. It is an internal structure and not considered part of the external genital structures. D: Vas deferens - The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation. It is also an internal structure and not part of the external genital structures.