A 55-year-old female with osteoporosis is prescribed alendronate. Alendronate works by:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Alendronate is a bisphosphonate medication that works by binding to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone, inhibiting osteoclast function and reducing bone resorption. This leads to increased bone mineral density and decreased risk of fractures in osteoporosis. Choices B and C are incorrect because alendronate does not directly promote osteoblast activity or increase calcium absorption in the intestines. Choice D is incorrect because alendronate does not inhibit the production of parathyroid hormone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Atorvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin are all statin medications commonly prescribed for hypercholesterolemia by lowering LDL cholesterol levels. They work by inhibiting an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, thus reducing LDL levels. Choosing "All of the above" (D) is correct because all three medications are effective in treating hypercholesterolemia. The other choices are incorrect because each of them individually is a valid treatment option for lowering LDL cholesterol levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, and Lovastatin are all statin medications that work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol levels. These medications are commonly prescribed to lower LDL cholesterol and decrease the risk of cardiovascular events. Choosing D as the correct answer is appropriate because all the listed medications belong to the same class and function in the same way. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually because they are all valid options for medications that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to reduce cholesterol levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blocking leukotriene receptors in the lungs. Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist, which works by blocking the action of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators that cause bronchoconstriction and inflammation in asthma. By blocking leukotriene receptors, montelukast helps to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation in the lungs, thereby improving asthma symptoms. B: Relaxing bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors is incorrect because montelukast does not directly stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors. C: Inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells is incorrect because montelukast does not inhibit histamine release; it specifically targets leukotriene receptors. D: Increasing acetylcholine release in the lungs is incorrect because montelukast does not affect acetylcholine release.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nitroglycerin is the correct answer for treating acute angina attacks. It is a vasodilator that helps relax and widen blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle. This relieves chest pain during an angina attack. Aspirin is not typically used to treat acute angina attacks but is used for its antiplatelet effects in preventing heart attacks. Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide are not indicated for the acute treatment of angina attacks as they are blood pressure medications.