A 50-year-old patient asks the nurse about her risk of developing a cancer of the reproductive system. What is the appropriate response by the nurse?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and cigarette smoking are major risk factors for cervical cancer. Step 2: The patient is 50 years old, which puts her at risk for cervical cancer. Step 3: HPV infection and smoking increase the risk of cervical cancer. Step 4: Therefore, the appropriate response by the nurse is A. Summary: B: Endometrial cancer risk factors include obesity, not age 40, and infertility is not a primary risk factor. C: Ovarian cancer can occur in women under 50 and family history of breast cancer is not a definitive protective factor. D: Menstrual irregularities do not necessarily lower the risk of reproductive system cancers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Colposcopy with a cervical biopsy involves visualization of the cervix using a colposcope. Step 2: The procedure may involve taking a biopsy of abnormal tissue for further evaluation. Step 3: Dilation of the cervix may be needed to access and obtain a biopsy sample. Step 4: Biopsy is taken from the tissue lining the cervix, not the uterus. Step 5: Therefore, option A is correct as it accurately describes the procedure. Summary: Choice B is incorrect as colposcopy can be performed in an outpatient setting without the need for local anesthesia. Choice C is incorrect as fasting is not typically required for this procedure. Choice D is incorrect as colposcopy is more invasive than a speculum examination.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because evidence-based recommendations do not support routine screening for cervical cancer (Papanicolaou test) or breast cancer (mammogram) in asymptomatic individuals under 21. HPV test is not recommended as a standalone screening for young women. No screenings at this time aligns with current guidelines to avoid unnecessary testing and potential harm in low-risk populations. It's important to focus on preventive measures such as vaccinations and healthy lifestyle choices rather than invasive screenings for this age group.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Seminiferous tubules. Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production, which occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. These tubules contain specialized cells called Sertoli cells and spermatogonia that undergo multiple stages of cell division and maturation to form spermatozoa. Interstitial cells (A) produce testosterone, seminal vesicles (B) secrete seminal fluid, and vas deferens (D) is the duct that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra but is not the site of spermatogenesis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Sister chromatids may no longer be identical to each other. Rationale: 1. In metaphase II, sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate. 2. During meiosis II, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. 3. Due to potential crossing over in meiosis I, sister chromatids may not be identical in meiosis II. 4. This variability contributes to genetic diversity in the resulting gametes. Summary: B: Homologous chromosomes do not line up in metaphase II; they already separated in meiosis I. C: Crossing over occurs in meiosis I, not in meiosis II. D: Homologous chromosomes start to separate in anaphase I, not metaphase II.