A 5 year old child has been brought with intestinal obstruction due to * clumping of roundworms. Which of the following anthelmintic which administered by orogastric tube can relax the balls of ascaris and relieve the obstruction?:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Piperazine. Piperazine paralyzes the muscles of the roundworms, causing them to relax and detach from the intestinal walls, which helps in relieving the obstruction. Levamisole and Mebendazole work by different mechanisms and are not as effective for this specific situation. Pyrantel pamoate primarily causes paralysis in the worms but may not be as effective as Piperazine in relaxing the balls of ascaris.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hydrochlorothiazide. It is a thiazide diuretic commonly used to treat mild hypertension. Thiazide diuretics work by reducing the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, leading to increased urine production and lower blood pressure. Furosemide (A) is a loop diuretic primarily used for more severe conditions. Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic often used for conditions like heart failure. Amiloride (D) is also a potassium-sparing diuretic but is not typically used as a first-line treatment for hypertension.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mannitol. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that can worsen cardiac function by increasing plasma volume and potentially exacerbating edema. Furosemide (A) and Hydrochlorothiazide (D) are loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively, commonly used to reduce fluid overload in heart failure patients. Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic that is often added to the treatment regimen in heart failure to help counteract potassium loss from other diuretics.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Spironolactone. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that also acts as an anti-androgen. It can cause gynecomastia, hirsutism, and menstrual disturbances due to its anti-androgenic effects, blocking the action of male hormones like testosterone. Hydrocholorothiazide (A) is a thiazide diuretic that does not typically cause these specific adverse reactions. Bumetanide (B) is a loop diuretic that is not associated with gynecomastia, hirsutism, or menstrual disturbances. Acetazolamide (C) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic that does not commonly lead to these particular side effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: interlobular vessel. Blood leaves the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole, which then branches into the peritubular capillaries. These capillaries merge to form the interlobular veins, which ultimately carry the blood away from the nephron and back into the general circulation. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Bone marrow is not directly involved in blood leaving the glomerulus. B: The afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus, it does not carry blood out. C: Kidneys are the site where blood is filtered, not where it leaves the glomerulus.