A 5-year-old boy is brought by her mother complaining of frequent attacks of anger, sadness, and exaggerated startle response over the past weeks; the mother states he has prolonged periods of sitting alone as he doesn`t like to be with the others; he has been developed those symptoms immediately after experiencing a bad car accident with his father before weeks. Of the following, the MOST likely diagnosis is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this case, the most likely diagnosis for the 5-year-old boy is acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the symptoms of anger, sadness, exaggerated startle response, social withdrawal, and the triggering event of a bad car accident. Acute PTSD occurs within the first month after a trauma, which aligns with the boy's recent symptoms following the accident. Option B, chronic PTSD, is incorrect as it refers to symptoms lasting for more than three months. Option C, delayed onset PTSD, is also incorrect as symptoms typically appear at least six months after the traumatic event. Option D, acute stress disorder, presents with similar symptoms but resolves within a month, unlike the ongoing symptoms described in the case. Educationally, understanding the timing and presentation of PTSD in children is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide early intervention and support. Recognizing the differences between acute, chronic, and delayed onset PTSD helps in accurate assessment and treatment planning for children experiencing traumatic events.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by stereotypic body movements, poor verbal and nonverbal communication, and deficits in social interaction, including empathy. Children with autism often struggle to make friends and engage in appropriate social behaviors. Option A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, but it does not typically present with the specific social and communication deficits seen in autism. Option B) dysthymic syndrome is a mood disorder characterized by persistent depressive symptoms, which do not align with the symptoms described in the case. Option C) deaf-mutism refers to a combination of deafness and mutism, which would not account for the full range of symptoms described in the case. In an educational context, understanding the distinguishing characteristics of different developmental disorders, such as autism, ADHD, and mood disorders, is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. Recognizing the specific symptoms and behaviors associated with each condition enables accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention strategies to support the child's needs effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) negativism. In pediatric nursing, understanding child development stages is crucial for providing effective care. At around 7 years old, children often exhibit negativism, where they may resist or refuse to cooperate as a way to assert their independence. This behavior is a normal part of their development as they begin to assert their autonomy and test boundaries. Option A) immaturity is incorrect because failure to cooperate is not solely due to immaturity at this age. Children at 7 years old are typically beyond the stage of immaturity that would significantly impact their cooperation. Option B) embarrassment is less likely in this scenario as it is more common in pre-adolescent and adolescent age groups where self-consciousness and social evaluation become more prominent. Option D) fearfulness could be a consideration, but negativism is a more typical response at this age. Fearfulness may manifest in specific situations or procedures, but it is not the primary reason for overall non-cooperation in a 7-year-old. By understanding the developmental stage of a 7-year-old child and recognizing negativism as a common behavior, pediatric nurses can approach care with empathy, patience, and strategies to engage and communicate effectively with the child. Building trust and rapport through understanding their behavior can help improve cooperation and overall care outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer for the patient in Question 5 is C) obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to differentiate between respiratory conditions to provide appropriate care. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a common condition in children characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to symptoms like snoring, gasping, and daytime sleepiness. Option A) tonsillitis is a common pediatric infection causing sore throat and fever, but it does not present with the characteristic symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Option B) peritonsillar abscess is a localized collection of pus behind the tonsil and presents with severe throat pain, difficulty swallowing, and drooling, which differ from the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Option D) Tangier disease is a rare genetic disorder leading to the accumulation of cholesterol in various tissues, causing hepatosplenomegaly and neuropathy, not presenting with the respiratory symptoms seen in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Understanding the distinguishing features of each condition is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective management in pediatric nursing. Identifying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children is crucial as it can lead to serious complications if left untreated, emphasizing the importance of thorough assessment and knowledge of pediatric respiratory conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Gardner syndrome. Gardner syndrome is a genetic disorder that predisposes individuals to certain types of tumors, mainly colorectal polyps and cancers. It is not associated with sensitivity to radiation. A) Ataxia-telangiectasia is a genetic disorder characterized by neurological problems and increased sensitivity to radiation due to a defect in repairing DNA damage caused by radiation. C) Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. While individuals with Down syndrome may have certain health concerns, sensitivity to radiation is not a characteristic of this syndrome. D) Fanconi anemia is a genetic disorder that affects the bone marrow, leading to decreased production of all types of blood cells. Individuals with Fanconi anemia are sensitive to the DNA-damaging effects of radiation. Educationally, understanding the effects of radiation sensitivity in various genetic disorders is crucial in pediatric nursing. Nurses need to be aware of conditions that may predispose children to increased risk from radiation exposure, especially in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Recognizing these associations can help nurses provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients with these conditions.