A 49-year-old truck driver comes to the emergency room for shortness of breath and swelling in his ankles. He is diagnosed with congestive heart failure and admitted to the hospital. You are the student assigned to do the patient's complete history and physical examination. When you palpate the pulse, what do you expect to feel?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Small amplitude, weak. In congestive heart failure, the heart's ability to pump effectively is compromised, leading to reduced cardiac output. As a result, the pulse would be small in amplitude and weak. This is due to the heart's inability to generate enough force to produce a strong pulse. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because in congestive heart failure, the pulse is not large amplitude, forceful, normal, or bigeminal. It is important to recognize the specific characteristics of the pulse in different medical conditions to make accurate assessments.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nontherapeutic. This statement is nontherapeutic because it implies a lack of autonomy and empowerment for the individual seeking help. It suggests blindly following advice without considering personal preferences or values. This can hinder the therapeutic process by diminishing the client's ability to actively participate in decision-making and problem-solving. Therapeutic communication focuses on collaboration, empowerment, and respect for the client's autonomy. Choices A, C, and D are left blank as they do not provide a suitable rationale for the given question.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It is reversible. Structural scoliosis involves irreversible changes in the spine's alignment, such as rotation and curvature due to factors like abnormal growth or spinal deformities. Reversibility is not a characteristic of structural scoliosis. A: Most cases are idiopathic - This is a characteristic of structural scoliosis as idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type. C: Subtype of structural scoliosis includes idiopathic - This supports the characteristic of idiopathic scoliosis within the structural category. D: Subtypes of structural scoliosis include congenital or acquired - This is correct as structural scoliosis can be caused by congenital abnormalities or acquired conditions, supporting the definition of structural scoliosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Late cocking. During late cocking phase of throwing, the arm is maximally externally rotated which places the elbow joint under the most valgus stress. This is due to the extreme abduction and extension of the arm at this stage, leading to increased valgus force on the elbow joint. In contrast, in the early cocking phase (choice C), the arm is in a more neutral position with less valgus stress. The wind-up phase (choice B) involves more shoulder and trunk movements rather than stressing the elbow joint. Follow-through phase (choice A) comes after the release of the ball and does not involve significant valgus stress on the elbow.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pivot shift. This test is the most specific for diagnosing an ACL tear because it assesses the rotational instability of the knee joint, which is a key characteristic of an ACL injury. During the test, the examiner applies a valgus force and internal rotation to the knee while extending it, causing the tibia to subluxate anteriorly. If there is an ACL tear, the tibia will suddenly reduce back into place, producing a characteristic "pivot shift" movement. Summary of other choices: B: Lachman test - While also used to assess ACL integrity, it primarily evaluates anterior translation of the tibia and is not as specific for rotational instability. C: Anterior drawer sign - This test is primarily used to assess anterior translation of the tibia and is not specific to diagnosing an ACL tear. D: Ege's test - This test is not commonly used in clinical practice for diagnosing ACL tears.