A 48-year-old patient arrives at the clinic to discuss her perimenopausal symptoms. She states that her last menstrual period was 8 months ago, and before that, her periods had been irregular. What is the most important nursing advice to give this patient?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The patient should be using some form of contraception to avoid pregnancy. This is the most important nursing advice because even though the patient is experiencing irregular periods and may be in perimenopause, there is still a risk of pregnancy until menopause is confirmed. Providing advice on contraception is crucial to prevent an unplanned pregnancy at this stage. Choice A is incorrect because hormone therapy is not just used for hot flashes and vaginal dryness; it can also help manage other perimenopausal symptoms. Choice C is incorrect as a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan is not the most immediate concern for this patient. It may be relevant to assess bone density in the future, but contraception should be addressed first. Choice D is incorrect because herbal supplementation may not be the safest or most effective way to manage perimenopausal symptoms, and it does not address the risk of pregnancy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acrosome. The acrosome is a structure located at the head of the sperm that contains enzymes necessary for penetrating the ovum during fertilization. These enzymes help dissolve the protective layers surrounding the ovum, allowing the sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Choice A: Head is incorrect because the head of the sperm contains the nucleus with genetic material, not the enzymes needed for penetration. Choice B: Tail is incorrect as it is responsible for providing motility to the sperm, not for penetration. Choice D: Midpiece is incorrect as it contains mitochondria that provide energy for the sperm's movement, not enzymes for penetrating the ovum.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Oxytocin is the correct answer because it is the hormone responsible for milk ejection during breastfeeding. When a baby suckles, oxytocin is released, causing the muscles around the milk-producing cells to contract and push milk into the ducts. Prolactin, on the other hand, is responsible for milk production but not ejection. Estrogen and progesterone play roles in preparing the breasts for milk production but are not directly involved in milk ejection.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." The prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral gland all contribute to the production of seminal fluid. The prostate gland produces a milky fluid, the seminal vesicles produce a fluid rich in fructose, and the bulbourethral gland produces a clear lubricating fluid. Together, these glands provide the necessary components for semen, which is essential for sperm viability and motility. Therefore, all three glands are involved in the production of seminal fluid, making choice D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sperm maturation and storage. The epididymis is where sperm produced in the testes mature and are stored until ejaculation. It provides a suitable environment for sperm maturation through the absorption of excess fluid and nutrients. It also helps in the development of sperm motility. Choices B and C are incorrect because sperm production occurs in the testes, and testosterone is primarily produced in the testes and adrenal glands. Choice D is incorrect because the transport of sperm to the urethra is mainly facilitated by the vas deferens.