A 4-year-old boy ingests a large dose of aspirin. What is the most appropriate therapy to maximize urinary excretion?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urinary alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate increases aspirin elimination by ion trapping, reducing toxicity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Antenatal corticosteroids improve outcomes related to RDS and neonatal mortality but do not significantly impact postnatal growth. The other options are benefits of corticosteroid administration.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All listed options contribute to noncompliance. Misunderstanding, language barriers, unanswered questions, contrary advice, or reservations about the diagnosis can lead patients or caregivers to resist adherence.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renal tubular acidosis causes normal anion gap acidosis because it results from impaired renal acid excretion rather than accumulation of organic acids.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rapid correction of hypernatremia can cause cerebral edema. The recommended safe correction rate is no more than 12 mmol/L per 24 hours.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rubella is strongly associated with intracranial calcifications in affected infants. Other infections like cytomegalovirus and syphilis may also cause calcifications but are less characteristic.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rapid correction of hypernatremia can cause cerebral edema. The recommended safe correction rate is no more than 12 mmol/L per 24 hours.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rice is not a common cause of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, unlike milk, soy, wheat, and eggs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hydroxychloroquine is used to suppress immune response, reduce inflammation, and improve skin lesions in conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.