A 39-year-old woman with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections develops a new infection. Culture of a urine sample indicated that the offending organism is Escherichia coli. She receives therapeutic doses of ciprofloxacin. Symptoms disappear as the offending bacteria are destroyed. Which of the following is the main bacterial process or enzyme that was inhibited by levofloxacin?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ciprofloxacin (not levofloxacin as stated, likely a typo) inhibits DNA gyrase, stopping E. coli replication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Dabigatran has a rapid onset (~1-2 hours) but its half-life is 12-17 hours, not up to 6 days. PPIs reduce absorption, it’s safer in liver failure than warfarin, it’s dialyzable, and idarucizumab is its antidote.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fondaparinux indirectly inhibits factor Xa via antithrombin, isn’t reversed by protamine, and is used in HIT, but it’s given subcutaneously, not orally.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Calcitonin, raloxifene, and alendronate reduce resorption; teriparatide and steroids increase formation; strontium is for severe cases; denosumab reduces resorption. Fluorides increase bone density but don’t substitute for calcium.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Octreotide (somatostatin analog) and terlipressin (vasopressin analog) reduce GH in acromegaly and portal pressure in varices. Bromocriptine and L-dopa don’t treat varices.