A 32-year-old woman presents with vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. The nurse suspects an ectopic pregnancy. Which of the following is the most common risk factor for ectopic pregnancy?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can lead to scarring and narrowing of the fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancy. This is because the fertilized egg may get stuck in the narrowed tube, leading to an ectopic pregnancy. A: Previous pelvic surgery is a risk factor, but it is not the most common one for ectopic pregnancy. B: Endometriosis can also affect fallopian tubes but is not the most common risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. C: Tubal ligation is a form of contraception that reduces the risk of pregnancy but does not increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. In summary, PID is the most common risk factor for ectopic pregnancy due to its potential to cause fallopian tube scarring and narrowing, leading to the implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Angiotensin II does not decrease blood pressure; it actually increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, and ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and water reabsorption, leading to increased blood volume and pressure. Therefore, D is incorrect because Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phimosis. Phimosis is the adhesion of the prepuce to the head of the penis, leading to the inability to retract the foreskin. This condition can cause pain, difficulty urinating, and increased risk of infections. Paraphimosis (choice A) is the painful retraction of a foreskin that is stuck behind the glans. Smegma (choice C) is a buildup of dead skin cells and oils under the foreskin. Dyschezia (choice D) is difficulty in passing stools. In this case, phimosis best describes the situation of adhesion preventing foreskin retraction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gentamycin. Gentamycin is known to have potential harmful effects on the fetus, such as causing hearing loss and kidney damage. This is due to its ability to cross the placental barrier. Amoxicillin (B) and Cephalexin (D) are both considered safe for use in pregnancy and are commonly prescribed for UTIs. Nitrofurantoin (A) is typically avoided in the third trimester due to the risk of hemolytic anemia in the newborn, but it is considered safe earlier in pregnancy. Therefore, Gentamycin is the correct choice as it poses a higher risk to the fetus compared to the other antibiotics.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Imipenem, a carbapenem antibiotic, has broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, anaerobic, and some atypical bacteria. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an atypical bacteria lacking a cell wall, making it resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are all susceptible to imipenem due to their cell wall composition.