A 29-year-old client living with parents has few interpersonal relationships. The client states, I have trouble trusting people. Based on Eriksons developmental theory, which should the nurse recognize as a true statement about this client?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the trust versus mistrust stage occurs during infancy (first year of life). This stage is focused on developing trust in caregivers and the world. If a person struggles with trust-related issues later in life, it may indicate a lack of successful resolution of the trust versus mistrust stage during infancy. In this scenario, the client's difficulty trusting people at age 29 suggests a stagnation or regression in development, specifically related to trust. This interpretation aligns with the idea that unresolved issues from earlier stages can impact functioning in later stages.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Personality encompasses a broad and complex combination of individual characteristics, behaviors, and emotional patterns that shape how individuals interact with and adapt to their environment. It is influenced by genetic, environmental, cultural, and situational factors. Various theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Carl Jung, have proposed different theories on the stages of personality development, highlighting the structured and progressive nature of personality formation. While personality traits may exhibit variability and flexibility, the overall development of personality is seen as a cohesive and continuous process rather than sporadic or erratic. By incorporating the aspects mentioned in choices A, B, and D, a comprehensive definition of personality is provided that accounts for its multidimensional nature and the dynamics involved in its formation and expression.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Psychoimmunology is the study of the interactions between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems. In this case, the client's diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, which is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, following the traumatic loss of her husband and children suggests a potential connection between her emotional state and physical health. Research in psychoimmunology has shown that prolonged stress or traumatic events can have a negative impact on the immune system, leading to an increased susceptibility to various health issues, such as autoimmune diseases like ulcerative colitis. Thus, the situation described aligns with the principles and findings of psychoimmunology.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The best rationale for the therapist's advice is that the client is susceptible to illness due to the effects of stress on the immune system. Grief and emotional pain can have a significant impact on physical health by weakening the immune system, making the individual more vulnerable to illnesses. By emphasizing the importance of proper sleep, nutrition, and exercise, the therapist is aiming to support the client's physical well-being during a challenging period. This holistic approach addresses the interconnectedness of mental and physical health, promoting resilience and coping mechanisms amidst the stress of loss. It also helps the client to manage their emotions and cope with grief more effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood. Decreased levels of norepinephrine have been linked to depression. Norepinephrine is involved in the body's stress response, affecting mood, emotion, and cognition. In depression, low levels of norepinephrine can contribute to symptoms such as sadness, loss of interest in activities, and feelings of hopelessness. Therefore, a decrease in norepinephrine levels would play a significant role in depression rather than mania, schizophrenia, or anxiety, as these conditions may involve alterations in other neurotransmitters.