A 28-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of pelvic pain, urinary urgency, and dysuria. The nurse suspects interstitial cystitis. Which of the following is a common symptom of interstitial cystitis?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Painful urination and frequent bladder infections. Interstitial cystitis is characterized by chronic bladder inflammation causing pain and discomfort during urination. This leads to painful urination and an increased risk of developing frequent bladder infections due to the compromised bladder lining. Severe abdominal cramping (A) is not a common symptom of interstitial cystitis. Frequent urination and pelvic pressure (C) are also common symptoms but not specific to interstitial cystitis. Dysuria and urinary retention (D) are not typically associated with interstitial cystitis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pituitary gland. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. This hormone helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. The other choices, A: Lungs, C: Liver, and D: Pineal gland, do not secrete ADH. Lungs are responsible for gas exchange, the liver performs various metabolic functions, and the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles through melatonin secretion. Therefore, the pituitary gland is the only gland among the options that secretes the antidiuretic hormone.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bear down when the examiner's finger is at the inguinal canal. This action increases intra-abdominal pressure, which helps to push out any potential hernia through the inguinal canal for easier detection. Holding his breath (A) would not facilitate hernia detection. Coughing after insertion (B) is used for rectal exams, not hernia assessment. Relaxing in a supine position (D) is not helpful for hernia examination as it does not aid in hernia protrusion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoniazid. Isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid, a crucial component of mycobacterial cell walls. If used alone, resistance can develop rapidly due to its specific mechanism of action. Rifampicin (B) acts on RNA polymerase, not mycolic acid synthesis. Pyrazinamide (C) targets mycobacteria in acidic environments, not mycolic acid. Ethambutol (D) inhibits arabinosyltransferase, not mycolic acid synthesis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Minocycline is known to cause vestibular toxicity due to its lipophilicity and ability to accumulate in inner ear structures. 2. Vestibular toxicity can manifest as dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance. 3. Doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and demeclocycline are less likely to cause vestibular toxicity. 4. Doxycycline is commonly used and well-tolerated, oxytetracycline has a different side effect profile, and demeclocycline is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity. Summary: Choice C (Minocycline) is correct due to its propensity for causing vestibular toxicity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are less likely to cause this specific adverse effect.