A 23-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with dysuria and urgency. Urine is positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrites. Her physician prescribes co-trimoxazole for her UTI. How does co-trimoxazole inhibit bacterial growth?

A 23-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with dysuria and urgency. Urine is positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrites. Her physician prescribes co-trimoxazole for her UTI. How does co-trimoxazole inhibit bacterial growth?

An 8-month-old female infant is brought to the emergency department by her parents. She is febrile, tachycardic, and hypotensive. Sepsis is suspected and the physician wants to give chloramphenicol but is worried about gray baby syndrome. Why does chloramphenicol sometimes cause gray baby syndrome in infants?

A 35-year-old female patient has just received a bone marrow transplant and is taking immunosuppressants. Two days after starting her immunosuppression regimen, she develops dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. A galactomannan test confirms a diagnosis of aspergillosis. She is given multiple drugs to combat this new infection, one of which is caspofungin. How does caspofungin work?

A 71-year-old man with osteomyelitis is treated with aminoglycosides. Blood cultures are drawn and reveal resistance to this antibiotic class. What is the most likely reason for this to occur?

A 52-year-old man with recurrent Pseudomonas infections now has another infection. Culture and sensitivity now indicate that this pathogen is not sensitive to chloramphenicol. What is the most likely reason for development of resistance?