A 21-year-old patient says no one in his family has type 1 diabetes mellitus but he has had it since childhood. He asks how his diabetes was transmitted to him. The nurse should explain to him that this disease is

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) a multifactorial genetic disorder. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not solely caused by a single gene or chromosome disorder, as suggested in options A and B. It is also not an acquired genetic disorder as implied in option C. Instead, type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Multiple genes contribute to the risk of developing this condition, along with triggers such as viral infections or dietary factors. This explains why the patient's family history may not directly link to his condition. Understanding the multifactorial nature of type 1 diabetes mellitus is crucial in patient education and in highlighting the importance of lifestyle modifications and monitoring for individuals at risk. This knowledge empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of immune system disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis, the correct answer is C) Type III or immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction. This type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Option A) Type I hypersensitivity is more related to allergies and immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE antibodies, not typically seen in these disorders. Option B) Type II hypersensitivity involves cytotoxic reactions where antibodies target specific cells for destruction, which is not the primary mechanism in these conditions. Option D) Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed response involving T cells rather than circulating antibodies and is more commonly associated with conditions like contact dermatitis or organ transplant rejection, not typically seen in rheumatoid arthritis or acute glomerulonephritis. Understanding the different types of hypersensitivity reactions is crucial in pharmacology to appropriately manage immune system disorders and select the most effective treatment strategies. Recognizing the specific type of immune response involved can guide the choice of pharmacological interventions, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants, tailored to each patient's condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and immune system disorders related to acute transplant rejection, the correct answer is D) The recipient’s T cytotoxic lymphocytes attack the foreign organ. This is because acute transplant rejection involves the recipient's immune system recognizing the transplanted organ as foreign and mounting an immune response against it, primarily through the activation of T cytotoxic lymphocytes. Option A) Treatment is supportive is incorrect because acute transplant rejection typically requires immediate medical intervention beyond just supportive care, such as immunosuppressive medications. Option B) Only occurs with transplanted kidneys is incorrect because acute transplant rejection can occur with any transplanted organ, not just kidneys. Option C) Organ must be removed when it occurs is incorrect because not all cases of acute transplant rejection require the removal of the organ; prompt medical treatment can often reverse the rejection process and salvage the transplanted organ. Educational context: Understanding the mechanisms of acute transplant rejection is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in caring for transplant patients. Knowledge of how the immune system responds to foreign organs and the role of T cytotoxic lymphocytes in rejection is essential for proper management and treatment of transplant recipients. Immunology and pharmacology play key roles in preventing and managing acute transplant rejection episodes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) "I will follow the directions for taking the antibiotic so I will get over this infection." This response indicates understanding of the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics as prescribed. This is crucial to ensure the infection is completely eradicated, reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance. Option A is incorrect because stopping antibiotics early can lead to incomplete treatment and potential antibiotic resistance. Option B is incorrect as antibiotics are not effective against viral infections like the common cold. Option C is also incorrect as saving antibiotics for future use can lead to inappropriate self-medication and the development of resistance. In an educational context, it is vital to emphasize the proper use of antibiotics to prevent resistance. Educating patients on the importance of adherence to prescribed regimens helps maintain the effectiveness of antibiotics for future infections. Understanding these concepts empowers patients to be active participants in their healthcare and promotes responsible antibiotic use.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of HIV infection, utilizing a combination of antiretroviral drugs like two NRTIs and a PI is crucial due to the rapid mutation rate of HIV. The primary rationale for combination therapy, as highlighted in option B, is that it decreases the potential for the development of antiretroviral-resistant HIV variants. By using multiple drugs that target different stages of the virus's replication cycle, the likelihood of the virus developing resistance to all components of the drug regimen is significantly reduced. Option A is incorrect because cross-resistance can still occur between specific antiretroviral drugs, even when given in combination. Option C is not the primary reason for using combination therapy; the goal is to effectively combat the virus rather than solely reducing side effects. Option D is also incorrect as the CD4+ T-cell count threshold mentioned is not directly related to the rationale behind combination therapy. Educationally, understanding the rationale for combination therapy in HIV treatment is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide effective care to patients. It underscores the importance of adherence to prescribed regimens and the need for ongoing monitoring to ensure treatment success and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV.