A 2-year-old child is found playing with a can of crystalline drain cleaner. There are several crystals in the mouth, which you have the mother wash out. Treatment should be to

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) have the mother administer water or milk and bring the child in for esophagoscopy. In cases of ingestion of a caustic substance like drain cleaner, immediate dilution with water or milk is crucial to minimize damage to the esophagus and stomach. Bringing the child in for esophagoscopy allows for direct visualization of the extent of injury and appropriate treatment. Option A is incorrect because citrus juices can worsen the damage by causing further irritation. Option B is incorrect as waiting for 2 hours can lead to more severe consequences from the caustic substance. Option D is incorrect as bitter taste does not indicate the absence of harm from ingestion. In pediatric nursing, it is vital to act swiftly and correctly in cases of poisoning to prevent long-term complications. Understanding the appropriate interventions for different types of ingestions is crucial for pediatric healthcare providers to ensure the best outcomes for the child's health and well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) sleep-onset association disorder. This disorder is characterized by a baby needing a specific condition, in this case being rocked, to fall asleep. This association can disrupt the baby's ability to self-soothe and fall asleep independently. Option A) early signs of ADHD is incorrect because needing to be rocked to sleep is not a recognized early sign of ADHD in a 4-month-old infant. ADHD typically presents with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are not related to sleep behaviors. Option B) primary restless legs syndrome is incorrect as this condition is more commonly seen in older children or adults and is characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs that worsen at rest, not specifically related to needing to be rocked to sleep. Option C) sleep terrors is incorrect as this disorder involves partial awakening during non-REM sleep with intense fear or agitation, usually occurring in older children, not typically in infants who need to be rocked to sleep. Educationally, understanding common sleep disorders in pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers working with infants and young children. Recognizing sleep-onset association disorder can help caregivers implement appropriate sleep training techniques to promote healthy sleep habits in infants, leading to better overall sleep quality and development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this pediatric nursing practice question, the correct answer is D) hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is not a common risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea in children. The thyroid condition does not directly impact the upper airway structures or functions that lead to obstructive sleep apnea. A) Hypotonia is a risk factor as decreased muscle tone can contribute to airway collapse during sleep, leading to obstructive sleep apnea. B) Developmental delay can be a risk factor as it may include structural anomalies or conditions that affect airway patency, increasing the likelihood of obstructive sleep apnea. C) Central adiposity, or excess fat around the neck and throat area, can contribute to airway narrowing and obstruction during sleep, predisposing individuals to obstructive sleep apnea. Educational Context: Understanding risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for children with this condition. By knowing which factors can contribute to obstructive sleep apnea, nurses can provide targeted interventions and education to support optimal respiratory health in pediatric patients. This knowledge helps in early identification, management, and prevention of complications associated with obstructive sleep apnea in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding infant developmental milestones is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. The correct answer to the question is A) 4 months. At around 4 months of age, infants develop the ability to visually track objects, grasp them with their hands, and bring them to their mouth as a part of their sensorimotor development. This milestone is known as the "palmar grasp reflex," which is an essential part of early motor skills development in infants. Option B) 5 months is incorrect because by 4 months, infants typically exhibit the ability to grasp and bring objects to their mouth, so this milestone would have already been achieved by 5 months. Option C) 6 months is incorrect because the milestone described in the question typically occurs around 4 months, not 6 months. By 6 months, infants would have further developed their motor skills and coordination. Option D) 8 months is incorrect as well because by this age, infants would have already mastered the ability to see, grasp, and bring objects to their mouth. Waiting until 8 months for this milestone would be a delay in development. Understanding these developmental milestones is important for pediatric nurses as it helps them assess the growth and development of infants accurately. It also informs healthcare providers about any potential developmental delays or concerns that may need further evaluation or intervention. By knowing when these milestones should occur, nurses can provide appropriate guidance to parents and caregivers on how to support their child's development effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for assessing a child's growth and identifying any potential delays or concerns. In this question, option C is the correct answer because a 10-month-old child typically cannot follow a one-step command without a gesture. At this age, children are still developing their receptive language skills and may not fully understand verbal commands without accompanying gestures or cues. Option A is incorrect because by 10 months, children may start babbling and saying simple words like "mama" or "dada." This is a common developmental milestone in language acquisition. Option B is also incorrect because pointing to objects is a typical behavior seen in 10-month-olds as they begin to explore their environment and show interest in objects around them. Option D is incorrect as well because a 10-month-old child usually does not speak their first real word yet. Most children say their first words around 12-18 months of age. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding typical developmental milestones in pediatric nursing practice. By knowing what is considered normal for a child's age, healthcare providers can identify any potential issues early on and provide appropriate interventions or referrals for further assessment. Understanding these milestones also helps in building strong relationships with caregivers by providing them with accurate information and guidance on their child's development.