A 17-year-old student enters the emergency department with a nosebleed that won’t quit. Which of the following positions is recommended for the patient with a nosebleed?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sitting up leaning slightly forward. This position helps prevent blood from flowing back into the throat, reducing the risk of choking and aspiration. It also allows for better drainage of blood out of the nose. Lying down with feet elevated (choice A) can increase blood flow to the head and worsen the nosebleed. Sitting up with neck extended (choice B) can lead to blood flowing into the throat. Lying down with a small pillow under the head (choice C) may cause blood to flow backward.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: In the context of a client with polymyositis, the correct expected outcome in the plan of care is "DISTURBANCES IN IMMUNOLOGIC FUNCTIONING." This is because polymyositis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and weakness in the muscles, resulting from an abnormal immune response targeting muscle tissue. Therefore, monitoring and addressing disturbances in immunologic functioning are crucial in managing the condition. Option A, "Client will lose 2lb per week on a calorie-restricted diet," is incorrect as weight loss is not a typical expected outcome related to polymyositis. Option B, "Client will exhibit no signs or symptoms of aspiration," is incorrect as aspiration is not a direct complication associated with polymyositis. Option C, "Client will exhibit bowel and bladder continence," is incorrect as this outcome is not directly related to the pathophysiology of polymyositis. Understanding the expected outcomes and complications associated with specific diseases like polymyositis is vital for nurses to provide effective care. By focusing on immune system disturbances in the plan of care, nurses can better manage the symptoms and progression of polymyositis, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ankylosing spondylitis. This disease process is characterized by chronic progressive inflammation of the sacroiliac and costovertebral joints and adjacent soft tissue. Ankylosing spondylitis specifically affects the spine and large joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (A) is characterized by joint inflammation and primarily affects small joints. Scoliosis (B) is a condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, not inflammation of the sacroiliac and costovertebral joints. Kyphosis (C) is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, not related to inflammation of the sacroiliac and costovertebral joints.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3, 4, 2005. HIV can be transmitted through breast milk, blood, and semen due to the presence of the virus in these bodily fluids. Saliva, tears, and other body fluids do not typically contain enough of the virus to transmit HIV. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they include saliva, tears, and other non-transmissible fluids. It is crucial for the nurse to educate the patient on the modes of transmission to prevent the spread of HIV.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (AB). AB blood type is the rarest because it is a result of inheriting both A and B alleles, making it less common in the population. AB individuals can only receive blood from other AB individuals due to their unique antigens. Blood types A, B, and O are more common in the population, with O being the most common as it is the universal donor. Blood type A and B are more common than AB since they only require one allele for their respective antigens. Thus, the rarity of AB blood type is due to the inheritance of both A and B alleles, making it the least common among the choices provided.