A 15-month-old toddler was able to do all the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D: "responds to his/her name." At 15 months old, a toddler should typically be able to respond to their own name being called. This is an important developmental milestone that indicates the child's awareness of their own identity and social interactions. Option A, "walks alone," is a common milestone achieved by toddlers at around 12-15 months of age. This is considered a normal developmental stage. Option B, "makes tower of 3 cubes," is also a typical developmental milestone for a 15-month-old. It demonstrates the child's fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination. Option C, "inserts raisin in a bottle," is another expected milestone for a toddler of this age. It showcases the child's ability to use their fingers in a precise manner. Understanding developmental milestones in pediatric nursing is crucial for assessing a child's growth and development, as well as identifying any potential developmental delays. By recognizing these milestones, healthcare professionals can provide appropriate interventions and support to promote optimal development in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) an early sign of empathy development. When infants cry in response to another infant's cry, it demonstrates their ability to understand and share the emotions of others, known as empathy. This behavior is an important milestone in social and emotional development, indicating the beginning of empathy which is crucial for forming relationships and understanding others' feelings. Option B) a sign of good hearing is incorrect because the behavior of crying in response to another infant's cry is more related to emotional understanding rather than just hearing ability. Option C) a startle reflex is incorrect as the scenario described involves a response to another infant's cry, which goes beyond a simple reflexive reaction to a sudden noise. Option D) an early sign of fear development is incorrect because the behavior described is more indicative of empathetic response rather than a fear response. Educationally, understanding early signs of empathy development in infants is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. Recognizing and supporting the social and emotional development of children is crucial for their overall well-being. By acknowledging and fostering empathy in infants, caregivers and healthcare providers can help promote healthy social relationships and emotional intelligence from a young age.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most appropriate investigation to clinch the diagnosis in this scenario is A) Bone marrow aspiration. Rationale: - Bone marrow aspiration is necessary to diagnose conditions like aplastic anemia or leukemia, which can present with symptoms of fever, bruises, anemia, and thrombocytopenia in a pediatric patient. - Reticulocyte count (Option B) would help determine if the bone marrow is responding adequately to the anemia but is not the primary investigation to clinch the diagnosis. - Bleeding time (Option C) and PT & APTT (Option D) are more related to assessing coagulation factors and platelet function, which are not the primary concerns in this case of unexplained anemia and thrombocytopenia in a child. Educational Context: Understanding the importance of appropriate diagnostic investigations in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care. In this case, recognizing the significance of bone marrow aspiration in diagnosing serious hematological conditions highlights the need for thorough assessment and diagnostic reasoning skills in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, fostering a child's sense of autonomy is crucial for their emotional and psychological well-being. Option B, allowing the child to have a doll for medical play, is the correct choice because it empowers the child to express herself, role-play, and gain a sense of control over her healthcare experience. This activity promotes a sense of independence and reduces anxiety by allowing the child to familiarize herself with medical procedures in a non-threatening way. Option A, allowing the child to choose the time for taking oral antibiotics, while important for promoting autonomy, may not be developmentally appropriate for a 3-year-old due to their limited understanding of time concepts. Option C, allowing the child to administer her own medication, poses safety risks as young children lack the cognitive and motor skills required for accurate dosing. Option D, allowing the child to watch videos, though appropriate for entertainment and distraction, does not directly promote the child's active participation and control over her care. Educationally, understanding the developmental stages of children is essential for providing age-appropriate care that respects their autonomy and promotes positive coping mechanisms during healthcare experiences. By choosing activities that empower children to make choices within safe boundaries, nurses can support their emotional well-being and foster a positive healthcare environment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The best response to the parents' question regarding their 8-day-old's vital signs is option C: "The heart rate is elevated; normal for a neonate is 90-160 bpm." This response is correct because it provides accurate information about the normal heart rate range for a neonate. In newborns, a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (bpm) is considered elevated and requires further evaluation by healthcare providers. Option A is incorrect because the blood pressure provided (85/52) is actually low for a neonate, not elevated. Option B is incorrect because the temperature of 99°F is within the normal range for a newborn and is not elevated. Option D is incorrect because a respiratory rate of 44 breaths per minute is also within the normal range for a newborn and not elevated. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to understand the normal vital sign ranges for different age groups, especially neonates, as deviations from these ranges can indicate underlying health issues. Providing accurate information to parents about their child's vital signs helps build trust and ensures appropriate care is provided. Understanding these nuances in vital signs is crucial for pediatric nursing practice.