A 12-year-old with spina bifida experiences respiratory distress during induction of anesthesia for an orthopedic procedure. He has been otherwise well prior to this hospital admission. The most likely diagnosis is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Latex allergy is common in spina bifida due to frequent exposure to latex materials. Symptoms include respiratory distress during anesthesia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Smokeless tobacco use is strongly linked to cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Kawasaki disease is diagnosed based on fever for ≥5 days and at least four of five criteria, including bilateral bulbar conjunctival injection without exudate.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Preterm infants have underdeveloped lungs, and mechanical ventilation or high oxygen pressure can lead to alveolar rupture, causing air to accumulate in the pleural space (pneumothorax), leading to respiratory distress.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Obstructive shock is caused by physical obstruction to blood flow. Severe aortic stenosis limits cardiac output, leading to inadequate systemic perfusion.