A 12-year-old girl becomes hysterical every time she strikes out in softball, falls down when roller- skating, or loses when playing games. According to Peplaus interpersonal theory, in which stage of development should the nurse identify a need for improvement?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: According to Peplau's interpersonal theory, the nurse should identify a need for improvement in the stage of developing skills in participation. This stage involves learning to interact with others and engage in activities such as sports and games. The 12-year-old girl's reactions indicate a lack of coping skills when facing challenges or disappointments in these social situations. By focusing on developing skills in participation, the nurse can help the girl learn how to handle setbacks, build resilience, and develop healthier ways of coping with failure or loss. This will contribute to her overall social and emotional growth and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the superego represents the moral conscience or the internalized standards and values of society. It acts as a person's "conscience" and strives for perfection by suppressing the urges of the id and influencing behavior to align with moral standards and societal norms. In this case, the statement "I dont ever cheat on tests; it is wrong" reflects the predominance of the superego as it demonstrates a strong adherence to moral values and a sense of right and wrong. The individual's behavior is guided by their moral conscience, which is a key characteristic associated with the superego.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Interpersonal theorists focus on the importance of relationships in shaping an individual's mental health. By emphasizing the impact of relationships on coping abilities, a nurse practitioner who shares this philosophy would be more likely to prioritize exploring how a patient's relationships influence their well-being. This approach aligns with the key principles of interpersonal theory, making statement B the most likely choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The focus of using a psychoanalytical framework when treating a client diagnosed with an anxiety disorder would involve exploring behaviors and defense mechanisms associated with the superego. In psychoanalytic theory, the superego represents internalized moral standards and values. By exploring the client's behaviors and defense mechanisms related to the superego, the nurse practitioner can gain insight into the client's unconscious conflicts and how these may be contributing to the anxiety disorder. This approach involves delving into the client's past experiences, childhood upbringing, and psychosexual development to identify underlying issues affecting their current mental state. It allows for a deeper understanding of the client's psychological dynamics and enables the nurse practitioner to tailor interventions that address the root causes of the anxiety disorder.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: It is important for the nurse to acknowledge the client's perspective and beliefs about their depression being solely due to a chemical imbalance in the brain. However, it is also essential to educate the client about the complex interplay between biological, environmental, and interpersonal factors in mental health. By expressing that medications are one way to address chemical imbalances but pointing out that other factors can also impact mental health, the nurse encourages a more holistic view of mental well-being. This response opens up the conversation to the possibility of exploring various treatment options beyond just medication, such as therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support. It promotes a collaborative approach to managing depression that considers the individual as a whole rather than focusing solely on biological factors.