A 10-year-old child was placed in a foster home after being removed from parental contact because of abuse. The child has apprehension, tremulousness, and impaired concentration. The foster parent also reports the child has an upset stomach, urinates frequently, and does not understand what has happened. What helpful measures should the nurse suggest to the foster parents? The nurse should recommend: (select all that apply)

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The child's symptoms and behavior suggest that he is exhibiting posttraumatic stress disorder. Interventions appropriate for this level of anxiety include using a calm, reassuring tone, acknowledging the child's distress, repeating content as needed when there is impaired cognitive processing and memory, providing opportunities for comforting and normalizing play and physical activities, correcting any distortion of reality, and staying with the child to increase his sense of security.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is a type of phobic disorder characterized by an intense fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help might not be available in the event of a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. Shweta's fear of entering new or unfamiliar situations aligns with the fear of being in places or situations from which escape is difficult. Option A) Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, involves an intense fear of social situations where the individual may be scrutinized or judged. Shweta's fear is not specifically related to social interactions, making this option incorrect. Option C) Specific phobia involves a specific fear of an object or situation, such as heights, spiders, or flying. Shweta's fear is more generalized and not linked to a specific object or situation, so this option is not the most appropriate. Option D) None is incorrect because Shweta's fear does fall under the category of a phobic disorder, specifically agoraphobia. In an educational context, understanding different types of phobic disorders is crucial for psychologists, therapists, and mental health professionals. By correctly identifying the category of phobic disorder based on specific symptoms and behaviors, professionals can provide targeted interventions and support to individuals like Shweta who are experiencing debilitating fears and anxieties. This knowledge also helps in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning for individuals with phobic disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Delusion of grandeur. This choice is correct because Khushpreet believing himself to be specially empowered indicates a delusion of grandeur. This type of delusion involves an individual having an exaggerated sense of importance, power, knowledge, or identity. Option A) Delusion of persecution involves the belief that one is being targeted, harassed, or persecuted. This does not align with Khushpreet's belief of being specially empowered. Option B) Delusion of control pertains to the belief that one's thoughts or actions are being controlled by external forces, which is not evident in Khushpreet's case. Option D) Delusion of reference involves the belief that random events or objects have a particular significance to oneself, which is also not applicable here. Educationally, understanding different types of delusions is crucial in the field of psychology, particularly when diagnosing psychobiological disorders like schizophrenia. By correctly identifying the specific type of delusion exhibited by a patient, mental health professionals can provide appropriate treatment and support. This knowledge also helps in differentiating between various symptoms and guiding interventions tailored to the individual's needs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Flat affect. A flat affect is a symptom of various psychobiological disorders where individuals display a lack of emotional expression or response. This absence of emotional expression can be a characteristic of conditions like schizophrenia or major depressive disorder. Option A) None is incorrect because the condition described does have a specific term associated with it, which is flat affect. Option B) Blunt affect is a close term, but it refers to a reduced intensity in emotional expression rather than a complete absence of emotions like a flat affect. Option C) Both a and b is incorrect because the condition described does have a specific term, which is flat affect, and it is not a combination of "none" and "blunt affect." In an educational context, understanding terms like flat affect is crucial for healthcare professionals, psychologists, and counselors to accurately assess and diagnose individuals with psychobiological disorders. Recognizing and differentiating between various symptoms help in providing appropriate interventions and support for individuals experiencing these conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Inattention and impulsivity are indeed main features of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and sometimes hyperactivity that can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning. Option A, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), is characterized by a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness. While individuals with ODD may exhibit inattention and impulsivity, these are not the main features of the disorder. Option B, Conduct Disorders, are characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. While impulsivity can be a feature in some cases, it is not a defining feature as in ADHD. Option D, "None", is incorrect as inattention and impulsivity are indeed main features of ADHD. It is important to differentiate between these disorders as their treatment approaches and outcomes can vary significantly. Educationally, understanding the distinguishing features of different psychobiological disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective intervention strategies. By recognizing the specific symptoms associated with each disorder, educators and healthcare professionals can provide appropriate support and accommodations to help individuals with these conditions succeed academically and socially.