A __________ is often helpful to use when a problem is not easily identified.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: affinity map. When a problem is not easily identified, using an affinity map can help organize and visually represent different ideas or information related to the issue. This method allows for clustering similar themes or concepts, leading to a clearer understanding of the problem. A: Trial and error involves randomly trying different solutions without a systematic approach. B: The Delphi method is a structured communication technique for gathering opinions from experts, which may not directly help in identifying the problem. C: Political decision-making model focuses on power dynamics and interests, which may not be relevant for problem identification. In summary, using an affinity map promotes structured organization of information, making it the most suitable choice for identifying unclear problems.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Deliver a whole continuum of care. Integrated health care systems are designed to provide comprehensive and coordinated care across various settings to meet the diverse needs of patients. This model emphasizes preventive care, primary care, specialty care, and even mental health services to ensure holistic healthcare delivery. A: Deliver selective care only - This is incorrect as integrated health care systems aim to offer a wide range of services beyond selective care. C: Treat patients only in the hospital - This is incorrect as integrated systems provide care across different settings, not just in hospitals. D: Provide care only in the primary care setting - This is incorrect as integrated systems offer care in multiple settings, not limited to primary care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The client reports relief of nausea. This is because when an NG tube is correctly placed in the stomach, it can help decompress the stomach and relieve nausea. Choice B is incorrect because pH less than 5 indicates gastric placement, but it does not confirm correct placement. Choice C is incorrect as bowel sounds can be present even if the tube is incorrectly placed. Choice D is incorrect because an x-ray showing the tube above the pylorus only confirms tube position, not necessarily correct placement.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the primary goal of nursing is to provide holistic care, which includes helping patients achieve a peaceful death. This involves promoting comfort, dignity, and emotional support for patients and their families at the end of life. Choice B focuses on personal development, not the primary goal of nursing. Choice C emphasizes quality of life, which is important but not the primary goal. Choice D prioritizes cost control, which is not the central focus of nursing care. Overall, assisting patients to achieve a peaceful death reflects the essence of nursing care and the importance of compassion and support in end-of-life situations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because dysfunctional turnover refers to the loss of highly skilled employees who are difficult to replace, leading to negative impacts on the organization. Losing such employees can harm productivity, morale, and innovation. Retaining all employees (choice A) is not necessarily dysfunctional, and losing employees consistently (choice B) does not specify the impact on the organization. Hiring new employees (choice D) is not directly related to dysfunctional turnover. In summary, choice C is correct because it specifically addresses the detrimental effects of losing key employees.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To enhance clinical decision making. Health informatics involves utilizing technology to collect, store, analyze, and present healthcare data to support clinical decision-making processes. By leveraging data and information systems, healthcare providers can access relevant information quickly and make informed decisions that improve patient outcomes. Explanation of why the other choices are incorrect: A: To manage patient care - While health informatics plays a role in managing patient care through data management and analysis, its primary purpose is to improve decision-making processes rather than directly managing care. B: To store patient records - Storing patient records is an essential function of health informatics, but the main purpose goes beyond mere storage to include utilizing data to support decision-making. D: To improve healthcare policies - Health informatics can contribute to evidence-based policymaking by providing data insights, but its main focus is on enhancing clinical decision-making rather than policy development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Autocratic. In a crisis situation, quick and decisive actions are crucial. An autocratic leadership style allows for immediate decision-making and clear direction, which is essential in rapidly changing and high-stress environments. This style ensures swift responses and minimizes confusion or delays. Incorrect choices: A: Democratic leadership involves group decision-making, which may be time-consuming and not suitable for urgent crisis situations. C: Transformational leadership focuses on inspiring and empowering others, which may not be as effective in a crisis when quick and direct actions are needed. D: Laissez-faire leadership gives employees a high degree of freedom and independence, which can lead to chaos and lack of direction in a crisis scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because an elevated BUN level of 52 mg/dL indicates potential kidney dysfunction, which is a contraindication for metformin due to the risk of lactic acidosis. A: Blood glucose level of 174 mg/dL is slightly high but not a contraindication for metformin. B: Weight gain is unrelated to metformin administration. C: Chest x-ray does not directly impact metformin administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Take control of the situation by being assertive. Being assertive allows nurses to address the conflict directly, set boundaries, and communicate effectively. This approach can help reduce stress by resolving issues instead of letting them escalate. A: Encouraging venting may temporarily alleviate feelings but does not address the root cause of the conflict, potentially perpetuating it. C: Ignoring volatile staff can lead to unresolved tensions and may exacerbate the situation over time. D: Avoiding interactions with angry staff does not address the issue and may create a culture of avoidance rather than addressing conflicts directly.