7. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, when does disease occur?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the concept of disease occurrence is deeply rooted in the balance of yin and yang, and the flow of Qi (vital energy). Option A, "Yin and yang become imbalanced, altering the flow of Qi," is the correct answer because TCM believes that when there is an imbalance in yin and yang, the flow of Qi is disrupted, leading to illness. This disruption can manifest as symptoms within the body. Option B, "Acupoints in Qi channels become obstructed, preventing the release of Qi," is incorrect because while blockages in Qi channels can contribute to illness in TCM, it is the imbalance of yin and yang that is considered the primary cause. Option C, "The body’s natural healing abilities are impaired by obstruction of fluid channels," is incorrect as TCM focuses more on the balance of vital energies like Qi rather than fluid channels specifically. Option D, "The individual is out of harmony with nature and requires spiritualism and mysticism to reestablish balance," is incorrect as TCM primarily emphasizes the balance of yin and yang and the flow of Qi within the body to maintain health. Educationally, understanding the foundational principles of TCM is crucial for healthcare providers as it offers a different perspective on health and illness. By grasping concepts like yin, yang, and Qi, nurses and other healthcare professionals can provide more holistic care and support to patients who may seek or benefit from TCM practices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the interactions between herbs and medications. In this case, the correct answer is A) Kava. Kava is known for its anxiolytic properties, making it a potential option for relieving anxiety. However, it is associated with hepatotoxicity, which can be harmful to the liver. Ginseng (option B) is commonly used for its energy-boosting effects and is not typically linked to hepatotoxicity. Milk thistle (option C) is actually known for its hepatoprotective properties and is often used to support liver health. Ginkgo biloba (option D) is primarily used to improve cognitive function and is not specifically associated with hepatotoxicity. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the potential risks and benefits of herbal remedies, especially in relation to hepatotoxicity. Nursing students need to be aware of the side effects and contraindications of commonly used herbs to ensure safe and effective patient care. This knowledge is essential in providing holistic care and promoting patient safety in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and medical-surgical nursing, understanding factors contributing to insomnia is crucial for patient care. The correct answer, option A, "Irregular sleep schedule," is a common behavioral factor leading to insomnia. Irregular sleep patterns disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, impacting the quality and duration of sleep. This can be exacerbated by rotating shifts or inconsistent bedtime routines. Option B, "Consumption of caffeine or alcohol," is incorrect but relevant. While caffeine and alcohol can disrupt sleep patterns, they are not the primary causes of insomnia. These substances can interfere with falling asleep but may not sustain insomnia over time unless consumed excessively or close to bedtime. Option C, "Excessive screen time before bed," is another incorrect choice. Blue light emitted from screens can impact melatonin production, making it harder to fall asleep. While excessive screen time before bed can contribute to poor sleep hygiene, it is not a direct cause of chronic insomnia. Option D, "Provide enough positive pressure in the airway to prevent airway collapse," is unrelated to behaviors contributing to insomnia. This option seems to refer to a treatment strategy for sleep apnea rather than a behavior leading to insomnia. Educationally, understanding these behavioral factors contributing to insomnia is essential for nurses to provide holistic care. Educating patients on the importance of maintaining a regular sleep schedule, avoiding stimulants close to bedtime, and practicing good sleep hygiene can help manage and prevent insomnia, improving overall patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the mechanisms of action of different medications is crucial for safe and effective nursing practice. In this case, the correct answer is A) Modafinil (Provigil), which is a nonamphetamine wake-promoting drug commonly used to treat narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. Modafinil works by affecting certain neurotransmitters in the brain to promote wakefulness without the stimulating effects seen in traditional amphetamines like methylphenidate (option D). Methylphenidate is commonly used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy but is a stimulant drug, unlike modafinil. Options B and C, Protriptyline (Vivactil) and Desipramine (Norpramin), are tricyclic antidepressants that are not wake-promoting drugs. While they may have some activating effects, they are not specifically indicated for promoting wakefulness like modafinil. Educationally, understanding the differences between these medications is important for nurses to ensure they administer the correct drug for the intended purpose and understand the potential side effects and interactions associated with each medication. By knowing the specific actions of each drug, nurses can provide safe and effective care to patients requiring wake-promotion therapy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and medical-surgical nursing, understanding pain management is crucial. The correct answer, option C, is problematic for the nurse caring for a patient with decreased cognitive function because these patients may have difficulty expressing their pain verbally or understanding pain assessment scales. This poses a challenge for accurate pain assessment and management, as the nurse may have to rely on non-verbal cues or behavioral changes to assess pain in such patients. Option A, a patient placed on a ventilator, can still communicate pain despite being intubated, through gestures, facial expressions, or non-verbal cues. Option B, a patient with a history of opioid addiction, should not prevent the nurse from addressing their pain appropriately, as pain management is a fundamental aspect of nursing care regardless of the patient's history. Option D, a patient with pain resulting from severe trauma, would typically be able to communicate their pain even if the severity of the trauma might complicate pain management. Educationally, nurses need to be aware of different strategies for assessing and managing pain in patients with various conditions, including those with cognitive impairments. Utilizing non-verbal cues, observing behaviors, and using appropriate pain assessment tools tailored to the patient's needs are essential skills in providing holistic care to all patients, including those with cognitive limitations.