4. What is the focus of the integrative model of health care?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The focus of the integrative model of health care, as indicated by option C, is on mind-body-spirit connections. This approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of health. Integrative medicine combines conventional medical treatments with complementary and alternative therapies to address the whole person, not just the disease. By recognizing the importance of these connections, practitioners aim to promote holistic healing and overall well-being. Option A, "Costs paid by insurance," is incorrect as it pertains to financial aspects rather than the core focus of integrative health care. Option B, "Treatment of symptoms," is also incorrect because although symptom management is part of patient care, the integrative model goes beyond symptom control to address underlying causes and promote wellness. Option D, "Care directed by nurse practitioners," is incorrect as it focuses on the role of a specific healthcare provider rather than the comprehensive approach of integrative care that involves multiple disciplines and modalities working together. Educationally, understanding the integrative model of health care is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide patient-centered care that considers all aspects of a person's health. It emphasizes the importance of treating the whole individual, fostering a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness between physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being. This knowledge is essential for promoting optimal health outcomes and enhancing the quality of patient care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the common uses of herbal supplements like feverfew is crucial for safe and effective patient care. The correct answer, B) Most commonly used for prevention of migraine headaches, aligns with evidence-based practice. Feverfew has been studied for its potential in reducing the frequency and severity of migraines, making it a common choice for individuals seeking non-pharmacological migraine management. Option A, frequently used for insomnia and anxiety, is incorrect as feverfew is not typically indicated for these conditions. Option C, frequently used to prevent and treat upper respiratory infections, is also incorrect as feverfew is not commonly associated with this use. Option D, often used by perimenopausal women to relieve menopausal symptoms, is incorrect as well, as feverfew is not a standard treatment for menopausal symptoms. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of knowing the specific uses of herbal remedies to provide appropriate care to patients. Understanding the evidence-based indications for herbal supplements like feverfew can guide healthcare providers in recommending safe and effective treatment options for various conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and sleep disorders, understanding parasomnias is crucial. A parasomnia is a type of sleep disorder characterized by abnormal behaviors or experiences during sleep. In this case, the correct answer is D) Sleep terrors. Sleep terrors, also known as night terrors, are a type of parasomnia where the individual experiences intense fear or terror during sleep, often accompanied by screaming or thrashing. This is different from nightmares, which occur during REM sleep. Option A) Cataplexy is not a parasomnia but a symptom of narcolepsy, involving sudden muscle weakness triggered by emotions. Option B) Hypopnea refers to shallow breathing during sleep and is a sign of sleep-disordered breathing, not a parasomnia. Option C) Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, also not classified as a parasomnia. Educationally, recognizing different sleep disorders, including parasomnias, is essential for healthcare professionals, especially in pharmacology when considering treatment options that may impact sleep patterns. Understanding the distinction between parasomnias and other sleep disorders helps in accurate diagnosis and appropriate management strategies for patients experiencing these conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B, "It’s okay to have my usual two glasses of wine in the evening before bed," indicates a misunderstanding of sleep hygiene practices. Alcohol consumption close to bedtime can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to poor-quality sleep. Therefore, this statement is incorrect and requires further clarification. Option A is correct as it aligns with proper sleep hygiene by suggesting that if unable to fall asleep within 20 minutes, the individual should get up and engage in a quiet activity before trying to sleep again. This helps prevent associating the bed with wakefulness. Option C suggests a light snack before bed, which can promote relaxation and improve sleep quality. This aligns with sleep hygiene practices, making it a suitable choice. Option D recommends exercising earlier in the day, at least 6 hours before bedtime. This is in line with sleep hygiene recommendations as exercising too close to bedtime can stimulate the body and make it harder to fall asleep. Educationally, understanding and implementing sleep hygiene practices are crucial for promoting good sleep habits and overall health. Incorrect practices, such as consuming alcohol before bed, can have detrimental effects on sleep quality. By addressing misconceptions like the one in option B, individuals can improve their sleep hygiene and well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In a patient with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the correct order of events is as follows: 1) Narrowing of air passages with muscle relaxation during sleep (Option B) 2) Apnea lasting 10 to 90 seconds (Option C) 3) Brief arousal and airway opened (Option D) 4) Sleep just before going to work (Option A) The correct answer, Option C, is the first event because in OSA, the air passages become narrowed due to relaxation of the muscles during sleep. This narrowing leads to apnea, where breathing stops for a period of time, typically 10 to 90 seconds. Following this, the body briefly arouses itself to reopen the airway and resume breathing. Option B is incorrect as it occurs before the apnea in the sequence of events. Option D is also incorrect as it follows the apnea and arousal. Option A is the last event in the sequence as it indicates the patient's sleep just before going to work, which would occur after the cycle of apnea and arousal. Understanding the sequence of events in OSA is crucial for healthcare providers to recognize and manage this condition effectively. Educating students on these events helps them comprehend the pathophysiology of OSA and how it impacts patient health and well-being.