Steeple sign is characteristic for:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Viral croup. The Steeple sign refers to the characteristic subglottic narrowing seen on a frontal neck X-ray in children with viral croup. This narrowing resembles the shape of a church steeple. Understanding this sign is crucial for diagnosing and managing pediatric patients with respiratory distress. Option A) Acute epiglottitis presents with a thumbprint sign on X-ray and is a medical emergency requiring prompt intervention. Streptococcal pharyngitis (Option C) typically presents with sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes, and is diagnosed through throat swab culture. Acute bronchitis (Option D) is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and does not involve the characteristic Steeple sign. Educationally, recognizing the Steeple sign in viral croup highlights the importance of clinical assessment skills and imaging interpretation in pediatric nursing practice. Understanding these distinctions is vital for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and ensuring positive patient outcomes in pediatric respiratory conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the relationship between platelet count and bleeding time is crucial for assessing and managing various hematological conditions. In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Von Willebrand disease. Von Willebrand disease is a common inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of the von Willebrand factor, which plays a vital role in platelet adhesion and clot formation. In Von Willebrand disease, although the platelet count is normal, the bleeding time is prolonged due to the impaired platelet function secondary to the von Willebrand factor deficiency. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: A) Hemophilia A: Hemophilia A is a deficiency of clotting factor VIII, leading to prolonged clotting time rather than bleeding time. C) Leukemia: Leukemia can cause thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) leading to increased bleeding risk, but not prolonged bleeding time with a normal platelet count. D) Hypersplenism: Hypersplenism can cause sequestration of platelets leading to thrombocytopenia, not a prolonged bleeding time with a normal platelet count. Educational context: This question highlights the importance of differentiating between platelet count and bleeding time in assessing bleeding disorders. Understanding the pathophysiology of Von Willebrand disease and its impact on platelet function is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management in pediatric patients presenting with bleeding symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile illness that primarily affects young children. The correct answer, option A) Age 1-5 years, is right because Kawasaki disease most commonly occurs in this age group, with peak incidence between 1-2 years of age. Option B) Age more than 9 years is incorrect because Kawasaki disease rarely occurs in children older than 8 years. Option C) Age less than 4 months is also incorrect as Kawasaki disease is uncommon in infants younger than 6 months. Option D) Age 5-9 years is not the most common age group for Kawasaki disease, although it can occur in this range, it is most prevalent in the younger age group specified in option A. Educationally, understanding the age distribution of Kawasaki disease is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. Recognizing the typical age range helps in early identification and prompt treatment of this condition, which is essential to prevent serious complications like coronary artery aneurysms. By mastering this knowledge, healthcare professionals can provide better care and improve outcomes for children affected by Kawasaki disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Terminal part of small intestine. Tuberculosis affecting the gastrointestinal tract commonly involves the terminal part of the small intestine, known as the ileum. This area is particularly prone to tuberculosis infection due to its rich blood supply and lymphatic tissue, which makes it a favorable environment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to thrive. Option B) Terminal part of the esophagus is incorrect because tuberculosis rarely affects the esophagus. Tuberculosis primarily targets organs with high blood flow and oxygen content, which are not typically found in the esophagus. Option C) Terminal part of the large intestine is incorrect as tuberculosis more commonly affects the small intestine rather than the large intestine. The terminal ileum is a common site for tuberculosis involvement due to its unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Option D) Pylorus is incorrect because tuberculosis seldom affects the stomach, and the pylorus is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine, which is not a common site for tuberculosis infection. Educational Context: Understanding the common sites of tuberculosis infection in the gastrointestinal tract is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses. Recognizing the typical areas of involvement can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate treatment initiation, and prevention of complications in pediatric patients. This knowledge is essential in providing comprehensive care to children with tuberculosis, ensuring optimal health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Severe coarctation of the aorta. In newborns, severe coarctation of the aorta can lead to heart failure due to the narrowing of the aorta, which increases the workload on the heart and reduces blood flow to the body. This condition results in poor perfusion and can lead to heart failure. Option A) Large VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) is a common congenital heart defect but typically does not present with heart failure in newborns unless there are additional complicating factors. Option B) Large ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) is another common congenital heart defect that usually does not lead to heart failure in newborns unless it is accompanied by other conditions. Option D) Severe Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex congenital heart defect characterized by four specific heart abnormalities. While it can cause cyanosis and low oxygen levels, it is not typically associated with heart failure in newborns. Understanding the association between different congenital heart defects and their impact on newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide efficient care and early interventions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of heart failure in newborns with specific heart defects is essential for timely management and improved outcomes.