Correct Answer: A,B,C,D

Rationale: Chronic cough results from airway irritation. Sputum production is due to increased mucus. Dyspnea worsens with COPD progression. Wheezing occurs from narrowed airways. Chest tightness, while possible, is more associated with asthma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Securing the catheter prevents urethral trauma and reduces infection risk.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rapidly lowering plasma glucose levels creates an osmotic gradient between the brain and plasma, causing brain cells to pull water and result in cerebral edema. Hypokalemia, increased hemoglobin A1C, and elevated creatinine do not directly cause osmotic cerebral edema.

Correct Answer: A,C,D,E

Rationale: Decreased visual acuity contributes to falls due to poor depth perception and reduced peripheral vision. Polypharmacy increases fall risk through sedative or psychotropic medication effects. Weakness and frailty are age-related changes that heighten fall risk. Chronic hypertension can cause orthostatic hypotension or cerebrovascular issues like strokes, leading to falls. Motor vehicle crashes are less common in older adults, and previous military experience is not a common risk factor for fall-related head injuries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Bronchospasm in asthma involves inflammation, edema, and excess mucus, leading to airway narrowing and obstruction. Decreased mucus production, reduced inflammation, or thinning mucus do not contribute to bronchospasm.