Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the enoxaparin and notify the healthcare provider. Enoxaparin, being an anticoagulant, should be held before surgery to reduce the risk of excessive bleeding during the procedure. It is crucial to inform the healthcare provider to determine the appropriate management plan.
Choice B is incorrect because administering enoxaparin before surgery can increase the risk of bleeding.
Choice C is incorrect as vitamin K administration is not typically indicated in this situation.
Choice D is incorrect because monitoring the client's INR and proceeding with surgery without addressing the enoxaparin can lead to significant bleeding complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is to advise the client to rise slowly to prevent dizziness. Dizziness when standing up can be a sign of orthostatic hypotension, a common side effect of nitroglycerin. Rising slowly can help minimize this symptom. Instructing the client to discontinue the nitroglycerin patches (
Choice
B) is not appropriate without consulting a healthcare provider as sudden discontinuation can lead to adverse effects. Encouraging the client to rest and avoid physical activity (
Choice
C) does not address the specific issue of orthostatic hypotension. Suggesting the client take an over-the-counter antiemetic (
Choice
D) is not indicated for dizziness related to orthostatic hypotension.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a type of heart disease characterized by the thickening or stiffening of the heart muscle, leading to a reduced ability to pump blood. This condition is different from dilated cardiomyopathy (choice
B), which involves the enlargement and weakening of the heart chambers. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (choice
C) is characterized by the stiffening of the heart muscle, affecting its ability to fill with blood properly. Arrhythmia (choice
D) refers to abnormal heart rhythms and is not specifically related to thickening or stiffening of the heart muscle, as seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, heart failure. Heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs and other areas.
Choice B, Cardiomyopathy, refers to diseases of the heart muscle.

Choices C and D, Pericarditis and Myocarditis, respectively, are conditions involving inflammation of the outer lining of the heart and the heart muscle itself, which may not always directly result in decreased pumping ability like heart failure does.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Emphysema. Emphysema is a lung condition characterized by the damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, which results in breathlessness and reduced lung function. Pulmonary fibrosis (
B) is a condition where lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred, leading to stiffness in the lungs. Lung cancer (
C) is a malignancy affecting the lungs, which can cause various symptoms depending on the stage. Lung abscess (
D) is a localized collection of pus within the lung tissue, typically caused by a bacterial infection.