Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Peripheral artery disease (PA
D). PAD is a condition where the arteries in the legs or arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain and mobility issues.
Choice B, Atherosclerosis, refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls, not specifically the narrowing or blockage in the extremities.
Choice C, Raynaud's disease, is characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities, leading to coldness, numbness, and color changes in the skin, but it is not primarily about narrowed or blocked arteries.
Choice D, Varicose veins, involves enlarged, twisted veins usually in the legs, but it is not related to narrowed or blocked arteries causing pain and mobility issues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COP
D). COPD is a chronic lung disease that encompasses conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These conditions lead to obstructed airflow from the lungs, causing symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing.
Choice B, Pulmonary fibrosis, involves scarring of the lung tissue, leading to breathing difficulties but is not specifically characterized by obstructed airflow like COPD. Asthma (
Choice
C) is a chronic condition characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, not always resulting in obstructed airflow. Pneumonia (
Choice
D) is an acute infection of the lung tissue, causing symptoms like fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, but is not a chronic condition like COPD.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Excitability is the correct term that describes the ability of cardiac cells to respond to an impulse by contracting. Excitability refers to the cell's ability to respond to stimuli and generate an action potential.
Choice B, Contractility, is incorrect as it refers to the ability of cardiac cells to contract after receiving a stimulus, not the response to the impulse itself.
Choice C, Rhythmicity, is incorrect as it pertains to the heart's ability to contract rhythmically without external stimulation.
Choice D, Conductivity, is incorrect as it refers to the ability of cardiac cells to transmit an impulse from cell to cell, not the direct response to the impulse by contracting.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Angina. Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often due to coronary artery disease.
Choice B, Myocardial infarction, involves the death of heart muscle tissue due to a lack of blood supply, presenting with symptoms similar to angina but more severe. Pericarditis (
Choice
C) is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which may cause chest pain but is not primarily due to reduced blood flow. Arrhythmia (
Choice
D) refers to abnormal heart rhythms but is not directly related to chest pain due to reduced blood flow.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by the thickening and stiffening of the arteries in the lungs, resulting in elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. This condition is distinct from the other choices provided. Pulmonary fibrosis involves scarring of lung tissue, pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery, and pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs.