Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A vagotomy does not repair a perforation. It does not involve removing ulcerated tissue. It cuts the vagus nerve to decrease acid production, promoting ulcer healing. It is unrelated to preventing stomach sliding, which is addressed by fundoplication.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bulimia involves episodes of binge eating followed by purging and can lead to a range of gastrointestinal issues, including esophageal damage and electrolyte imbalances. However, it is not a direct risk factor for the development of peptic ulcers. While it can affect the digestive system, it does not inherently increase the risk of ulcers. Green tea is generally considered to have health benefits and is not typically associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcers. In some cases, it may even provide protective effects against gastric ulcers due to its antioxidant properties. Moderate alcohol consumption can have varying effects on gastric mucosa. While excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for developing ulcers, moderate consumption, such as a glass of wine with dinner, is not typically considered a significant risk factor. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can irritate the gastric lining and inhibit the production of protective mucus, leading to an increased risk of developing ulcers.

Correct Answer: B,C,D

Rationale: Sodium reduction is not specific to GERD. Staying upright prevents reflux. Elevated bed position reduces nighttime reflux. A high-fiber, low-fat diet minimizes symptoms. Snacks may be tolerated and are not universally avoided.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Elevating the head of the bed is a recommended practice for individuals with GERD, as it helps prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus during sleep. This shows the patient is taking proactive steps to manage their condition. Using antacids can provide symptomatic relief from heartburn and discomfort associated with GERD. Taking them between meals and at bedtime can help neutralize stomach acid, which is a common practice for managing GERD symptoms. Eating large meals, especially rich or fatty foods, and snacking before bedtime can exacerbate GERD symptoms by increasing stomach pressure and acid production. Patients with GERD are typically advised to eat smaller meals and avoid eating close to bedtime to reduce reflux episodes. Chewing gum can actually be beneficial for some GERD patients as it stimulates saliva production, which can help neutralize stomach acid.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Emotional stress is not directly related to salmonellosis. Smoking affects general health but not salmonellosis risk. Food history is crucial to identify contamination sources. Colon cancer is unrelated to salmonellosis diagnosis.