Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kidneys. Vitamin D undergoes two hydroxylation steps for activation - first in the liver and then in the kidneys. The final active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, is produced in the kidneys. Calcitriol promotes the absorption of calcium in the intestines. The small intestine (
Choice
A) is where calcium is absorbed, but vitamin D is activated in the kidneys. Vitamin D does undergo activation into another form as mentioned above, so choice B is incorrect. The large intestine (
Choice
D) is primarily involved in water absorption, not vitamin D activation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Do you take over-the-counter medication?" This is the priority query because over-the-counter medications may interact with prescription drugs, leading to adverse effects. It is crucial for the nurse to assess all medications the patient is taking, including over-the-counter ones, to ensure safety and effectiveness of the overall treatment plan.


Choice A is incorrect because whether the medications are generic or brand name does not directly impact safety or interactions.
Choice C is incorrect as it assumes pregnancy, which may not be relevant to the patient.
Choice D is incorrect as orphan drugs are not commonly used and not a priority in this context.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: They act to block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Anticholinergic agents inhibit the action of acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. By blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, these agents reduce parasympathetic stimulation, leading to effects such as decreased salivation, decreased GI motility, and pupil dilation.


Choice A is incorrect because anticholinergic agents do not compete with serotonin for receptor sites; they primarily target acetylcholine receptors.
Choice B is incorrect as anticholinergic agents do not directly affect norepinephrine levels at the neuromuscular junction.
Choice C is incorrect because anticholinergic agents primarily target muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acetaminophen (Tylenol). Acetaminophen is recommended for children due to its safety profile and effectiveness in reducing pain and fever. Ibuprofen and aspirin can be used in children over 6 months old, but aspirin is not recommended for children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome. Diflunisal is not typically used in children. In summary, acetaminophen is the safest and most appropriate choice for a 5-year-old child's pain relief.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pupil dilation. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, leading to pupil dilation by inhibiting the constriction of the sphincter muscle in the iris. This effect is beneficial in ophthalmology for procedures like dilation exams and treating conditions like uveitis.
Choice A is incorrect as anticholinergics cause pupil dilation, not restriction.
Choice B is incorrect because anticholinergics actually increase lacrimal secretions instead of decreasing them.
Choice D is incorrect as sedation is not a typical effect of anticholinergic drugs in ophthalmology.