Who were the first public health nurses who provided care for the sick and the poor?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Convent deaconesses. They were the first public health nurses providing care for the sick and poor in the early centuries. They were trained and devoted to serving the community, establishing the foundation for modern public health nursing. The other choices, A: The Presbyterian Church, B: Salerno, and C: Jewish scholars, are incorrect as they do not align with the historical context of the first public health nurses.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because promoting good health and treating those who are ill in a holistic manner aligns with Florence Nightingale's theory of nursing. Nightingale emphasized the importance of considering the physical, emotional, and social aspects of patients' well-being. This approach focuses on addressing the whole person rather than just the illness. Respecting the patient's culture and incorporating cultural needs (A) is important in providing patient-centered care, but it does not directly align with Nightingale's theory. Understanding how to motivate people to practice a healthy lifestyle and reduce risks (C) is relevant to health promotion but does not fully capture the holistic approach of Nightingale. Teaching other nurses how to deliver the highest quality of care (D) is essential for professional development but does not specifically reflect Nightingale's holistic nursing philosophy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because Linda Richards was the first professionally trained nurse in the United States and she established the practice of documenting patient care in medical records. This action is directly linked to her contribution as it improved the organization and continuity of patient care. Exploring psychosocial needs (B) and listening to patient symptoms (D) are important nursing practices, but they were not specifically attributed to Linda Richards. Using antiseptic before injections (A) is important for infection control, but it was not directly related to Linda Richards' contribution.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale is known for her emphasis on evidence-based practice and data-driven decision-making in healthcare. In this scenario, the healthcare provider is using critical thinking skills to assess the patient's overall clinical presentation, which includes normal vital signs and signs of adequate oxygenation despite the pulse oximeter reading of 38%. This aligns with Nightingale's principles of prioritizing direct observation and clinical judgment over technology. Incorrect answers: A: Annie Goodrich - Goodrich was a nursing educator and leader in nursing education, but not specifically known for emphasizing clinical assessment over technology. B: Lillian D. Wald - Wald was a public health nurse and social reformer, not specifically associated with direct patient care assessment. D: Linda Richards - Richards was the first professionally trained American nurse, but not specifically known for her approach to clinical assessment in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Services (NAPNES). NAPNES was the first organization to focus specifically on licensed practical nurses (LPNs) when it was established in 1941. This organization was founded with the primary goal of promoting and supporting practical nursing education and services. The other choices are incorrect because: B (NFLPN) primarily focuses on advocating for LPNs but was not the first organization; C (NLN) focuses on nursing education in general, not specifically on LPNs; and D (ANA) is a broader organization representing all nurses, not solely LPNs. Therefore, based on the historical context and focus of the organization, A is the correct answer.