Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A concept in nursing is a group of abstract ideas or objects linked by relationships, forming the building blocks of understanding like 'health' encompassing wellness and disease. Theory expands this, weaving concepts into a structured explanation, such as Orem's self-care model. Deductive reasoning starts with a general idea (e.g., all humans need oxygen) to infer specifics (this patient needs oxygen), while inductive reasoning observes specifics (patients improve with oxygen) to generalize. Concepts are foundational, enabling nurses to define and explore phenomena like pain's physical and emotional ties before theorizing. This abstraction aids in assessing client needs, planning care, and communicating effectively, grounding nursing in clear, relational ideas that evolve with practice and research, distinct from the logical processes of reasoning.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Psyllium, a fiber supplement, bulks stool, useful in chronic diarrhea but not acute watery diarrhea, where it may worsen fluid loss by slowing rehydration. Intravenous albumin corrects oncotic pressure, not routine for diarrhea. Potassium supplements replace losses from stool, and normal saline restores hydration both are appropriate. Nurses prioritize fluid and electrolyte replacement in acute cases, avoiding agents that delay recovery or exacerbate dehydration, focusing on rapid stabilization.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Involving the client in setting goals ensures outcomes reflect their values and needs, enhancing motivation and adherence. For example, a client with diabetes might prioritize dietary control over exercise, tailoring care to their lifestyle. Combining diagnoses or limiting them risks oversimplification, while team-driven goals may ignore client preferences. Client collaboration fosters autonomy and relevance like aiming for stable glucose levels making this the most effective approach for meaningful, achievable outcomes in nursing care planning.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Critical thinking is the mental process of analyzing information, forming conclusions, making decisions, drawing inferences, and reflecting key in nursing for evaluating patient data and planning care. For example, a nurse uses it to interpret vital signs, decide interventions, and reflect on effectiveness. Intellectual humility is an attitude of openness, not a process. Thinking independently is a component of critical thinking but narrower, lacking reflection or inference. Assessment is a nursing process step, involving data collection, not the broader cognitive process described. Critical thinking's comprehensive nature encompassing analysis, synthesis, and evaluation makes it essential for sound clinical judgment, enabling nurses to adapt to complex, dynamic patient needs, and ensuring decisions are reasoned and evidence-based, aligning perfectly with the question's description.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Traditional records (
C) separate notes by source (e.g., nursing, physician), per charting standards. POMR (
A) and POR (
B) integrate problem-focused data. Resource-oriented (
D) isn't standard. C matches the description, making it correct.