Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In end-stage renal failure, kidneys cannot regulate fluid balance, often producing little to no urine. Weighing the patient daily is the most reliable way to assess fluid status, as weight changes reflect fluid gain or loss (1 kg ≈ 1 L). Monitoring urine specific gravity is less useful with minimal urine output. Measuring intake and output helps but is less precise due to insensible losses (e.g., sweating). Bowel movements don't directly indicate fluid balance. Daily weight provides a consistent, objective measure, critical for managing fluid overload or dehydration in this population, guiding treatment like dialysis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Diastolic pressure occurs when ventricles rest e.g., 80 mmHg in 120/80 reflecting vascular resistance. Systole (contraction), preload (filling), and pulse pressure (difference) differ. Nurses measure this e.g., in hypertension for baseline cardiovascular health, per BP definitions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Prolonged immobility leads to osteoporosis, where bones weaken and become brittle due to reduced weight-bearing activity and mineral loss a significant risk for fractures. Muscle strength and joint flexibility decline, not improve, with disuse, and contractures become more likely as muscles shorten. Nurses combat this with range-of-motion exercises or weight-bearing support, recognizing that bone density loss is a pressing musculoskeletal threat in long-term immobility, necessitating preventive strategies to maintain skeletal health and patient mobility.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A concept in nursing is a group of abstract ideas or objects linked by relationships, forming the building blocks of understanding like 'health' encompassing wellness and disease. Theory expands this, weaving concepts into a structured explanation, such as Orem's self-care model. Deductive reasoning starts with a general idea (e.g., all humans need oxygen) to infer specifics (this patient needs oxygen), while inductive reasoning observes specifics (patients improve with oxygen) to generalize. Concepts are foundational, enabling nurses to define and explore phenomena like pain's physical and emotional ties before theorizing. This abstraction aids in assessing client needs, planning care, and communicating effectively, grounding nursing in clear, relational ideas that evolve with practice and research, distinct from the logical processes of reasoning.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Checking intake and output during a 24-hour urine collection ensures accuracy by tracking fluid balance ice is for specific tests (e.g., catecholamines), discarding the first void starts the clock (not skips it), and catheterization isn't routine. Nurses monitor this, ensuring valid results for diagnostic purposes like renal function.