Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings (1970s) asserts humans are wholes greater than their parts e.g., Anne Boleyn's dignity persisted post-beheading. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, Rogers' wholistic view influences nursing's focus on indivisible patient worth, shaping holistic care philosophies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Normal respiration has an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2 e.g., 1-second inhale, 2-second exhale reflecting passive expiration's longer phase. Other ratios (2:1, 4:3, 1:1) don't match physiology. Nurses observe this e.g., counting breaths for baseline assessment, per respiratory mechanics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Supine position flat, arms up e.g., spreads breast tissue for palpation, unlike dorsal recumbent (knees bent), sitting (gravity), or lithotomy (pelvic). Nurses use this e.g., in cancer screening for thorough, systematic checks, per breast exam standards.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Joyce Travelbee's Interpersonal Theory (1960s) sees nursing as a human-to-human bond during illness e.g., finding meaning in cancer. Swanson's caring, Zderad's humanism, and Peplau's therapeutic focus differ Travelbee's distinct from Parse's becoming. Her emphasis on coping and connection guides emotional support, especially in terminal care, enriching nursing's relational depth.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy (1940s) outlines universal needs physiological to self-actualization but isn't rigid e.g., skipping food for safety. Needs are common (air), internally driven (hunger), and externally triggered (stress). Nurses prioritize flexibly e.g., addressing fear over nutrition in crisis per patient context, not strict order.