Who developed the first theory of nursing?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Florence Nightingale crafted nursing's first theory in the 1850s, emphasizing environmental manipulation e.g., sanitation in Crimean War hospitals cut deaths. Hammurabi (laws), Alexander (conqueror), and Fabiola (caregiver) didn't theorize nursing. Her work, like 'Notes on Nursing,' formalized the profession, influencing modern practices like infection control. Recognized as nursing's founder, her environmental focus remains a bedrock, shaping its scientific and caring identity globally.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Assessment, the first nursing process step, collects data via interview (history), observation (vitals), and examination (physical) e.g., noting dyspnea. Planning sets goals, implementation acts, and evaluation reviews. This systematic approach, per Gordon's framework, drives accurate care, essential in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cleaning stem to bulb least to most contaminated e.g., away from anus tip follows asepsis. Bulb-to-stem spreads germs; others illogical. Nurses wipe this e.g., alcohol per infection control, preventing cross-contamination.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The right arm is preferred e.g., standard unless contraindicated (e.g., IVs). Contraptions (interference), left arm post-CVA (weakness), or left default don't apply. Nurses choose this e.g., routine for consistency, per guidelines.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Females use lithotomy e.g., legs apart for midstream urine, aiding clean catch. Supine, semi-Fowler's, dorsal don't fit. Nurses position e.g., clinic for sterility, per standards.