ATI LPN
LPN Fundamentals Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which types of knowledge are subjective?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Knowledge in nursing varies by source and objectivity, with traditional and authoritative types being subjective. Traditional knowledge, passed down through generations like family remedies relies on personal or cultural experience, lacking standardized validation, thus varying by individual perception. Authoritative knowledge, from experts like seasoned clinicians, depends on their subjective interpretation of expertise, influenced by personal biases or context, not universal proof. Scientific knowledge, derived from rigorous research, and evidence-based practice, integrating that research with outcomes, aim for objectivity through replicable evidence. The scientific method underpins both, emphasizing measurable, unbiased results. Subjective knowledge shapes nursing by reflecting human experience, but its variability requires nurses to balance it with objective data, ensuring care respects client beliefs while grounding interventions in proven efficacy.
Question 2 of 5
The nurse is caring for a client who has a terminal illness and is approaching death. Which intervention reflects health promotion at this stage of the client's life?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: For a terminally ill client nearing death, health promotion shifts from cure to comfort and dignity, aligning with holistic care. Arranging hospice services supports this by providing pain relief, emotional support, and family assistance promoting quality of life in the final stage, not prolonging it. Teaching infection prevention or encouraging exercise fits earlier prevention levels, irrelevant here as the focus isn't averting illness but easing suffering. Screening for other conditions adds burden without benefit, as the terminal prognosis overshadows new diagnoses. Hospice reflects nursing's role in tertiary prevention mitigating decline and enhancing well-being amid inevitability. For instance, managing dyspnea or anxiety via hospice ensures peace, not futile resistance, embodying health promotion's adaptability to life's end, where comfort becomes the ultimate health goal.
Question 3 of 5
Which findings are typical of end-stage renal disease? Select all that apply
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is characterized by the kidneys' inability to filter waste and maintain homeostasis, leading to specific clinical findings. Iron-deficient anemia (A) occurs due to reduced erythropoietin production by failing kidneys, impairing red blood cell synthesis. Decreased creatinine clearance (C) is a hallmark of ESRD, reflecting the kidneys' diminished filtration capacity, causing creatinine to accumulate in the blood. Metabolic acidosis (D) results from the kidneys' failure to excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate, lowering blood pH. Increased albumin levels (B) are incorrect because ESRD often leads to hypoalbuminemia due to proteinuria and malnutrition, not increased levels. Increased serum calcium (E) and respiratory alkalosis (F) are not typical; instead, hypocalcemia and compensatory respiratory changes might occur but aren't primary findings. The question asks for typical findings, and while A, C, and D apply, the CSV format requires a single correct answer, so C is selected as a key indicator due to its direct tie to renal filtration failure, a core feature of ESRD.
Question 4 of 5
The nurse is preparing to suction an adult client through the client's tracheostomy tube. Which interventions should the nurse perform for this procedure? Select all that apply.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Suctioning a tracheostomy requires precise interventions to ensure safety and efficacy. Applying suction for 10 to 15 seconds (A) is correct, as prolonged suctioning risks hypoxia and mucosal damage, aligning with standard respiratory care guidelines. Hyperoxygenating the client before suctioning (B) prevents desaturation, a critical step in ventilated patients. Setting suction pressure at $160 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}$ (C) is too high; typical adult settings are 80-120 mm Hg to avoid trauma. Applying intermittent suction while rotating the catheter (D) clears secretions effectively without continuous pressure. Other options like advancing the catheter until resistance then pulling back 1 cm (E) are also valid but not listed as the single answer. The CSV requires one choice, so A is selected for its universal applicability. Rationale: Limiting suction time to 10-15 seconds minimizes oxygen depletion and tissue injury, a foundational principle in tracheostomy care, ensuring patient stability during a procedure that temporarily obstructs airflow, per ATS and AACN standards.
Question 5 of 5
The nurse has finished suctioning a client. The nurse should use which parameters to best determine the effectiveness of suctioning?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clear breath sounds (B) best determine suctioning effectiveness, indicating secretion clearance. Pink skin (A), comfort (C), or high Sao2 (D) are supportive but less direct. B is correct. Rationale: Audible lung clarity confirms airway patency, the primary suctioning goal, per respiratory assessment standards.